{"id":93007,"date":"2015-12-17T16:51:44","date_gmt":"2015-12-17T21:51:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=93007"},"modified":"2015-12-17T16:51:44","modified_gmt":"2015-12-17T21:51:44","slug":"thanks-sounds-good-i-love-you","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2015\/12\/17\/thanks-sounds-good-i-love-you\/","title":{"rendered":"Thanks, Sounds Good, I Love You"},"content":{"rendered":"

How Smart Reply attempts to mimic\u00a0the way we talk.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Google\u2019s inbox logo\u2014now with an enviable, elusive sense of satisfaction.<\/p><\/div>\n

Last month, researchers at Google unveiled<\/a> Smart Reply, a piece of artificial intelligence\u00a0that scans the e-mail you\u2019re reading on your phone and suggests three possible responses. Why bother composing an answer yourself? Now you can choose one of Smart Reply\u2019s with a quick tap. \u201cDo you have any vacation plans set yet?\u201d asks the sample e-mail. \u201cNo plans yet,\u201d you might choose; or \u201cI just sent them to you\u201d; or \u201cI\u2019m working on them.\u201d<\/p>\n

Smart Reply uses neural networks to calibrate its future suggestions, meaning it learns from how we use it. But Greg Corrado, a senior research scientist on the project, observed<\/a> a \u201cbizarre feature of our early prototype\u201d: \u201cits propensity to respond with \u2018I love you\u2019 to seemingly anything.\u201d Analysis suggested \u201cthat the system was doing exactly what we\u2019d trained it to do, generate likely responses\u2014and it turns out that responses like Thanks<\/em>, Sounds good<\/em>, and I love you<\/em>\u00a0are super common.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

Thanks, sounds good, I love you: it might be that our culture is glutted with gratitude, approval, and love, and that our e-mail responses reflect this. But at the heart of this apparent abundance of amity and tenderness, I suspect, is something more slippery. Think of Saussure\u2019s distinction between langue<\/em> and parole<\/em>\u2014between a system and its actual use; or Austin\u2019s distinction between semantics and pragmatics\u2014between the meaning of words and how we actually use them in speech-acts, in using words to do<\/em> things.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn practice, any engineer\u2019s ability to invent \u2018rules\u2019 would be quickly outstripped by the tremendous diversity with which real people communicate,\u201d Corrado explained. Thus Smart Reply has been built on a map of \u201cthought vectors\u201d\u2014concepts related to other concepts\u2014instead of<\/a> a map of word vectors\u2014words and their meanings. The AI scans our correspondence to learn how we<\/em> relate thoughts to other thoughts\u2014it learns language as we actually use it, rather than learning words as we formally define them: parole<\/em>, and not langue<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Therein lies the rub. Thanks<\/em>, by definition, expresses appreciation and gratitude. But we know there\u2019s more to the word than that. In parole<\/em> linguists have found<\/a> that the scope of thanks<\/em> extends to cover \u201cconversational opening, changing, stopping, closing, leave-taking \u2026 dissatisfaction, and discomfort.\u201d \u201cWhere all men take bribes and give them, nobody does,\u201d wrote William Golding in The Double Tongue<\/em>: when a word can mean anything, it means nothing. And this near-emptiness allows its meaning to be determined by the user\u2019s intent. Sounds good<\/em>, when you think about it, is not much clearer in practice than thanks<\/em>: its uses can range from approval to indifference to a very particular kind of skepticism. (\u201cI predict your failure, but I will not intervene to help.\u201d)<\/p>\n

I love you<\/em>, in its formal semantic meaning, is at once fetishized and sacrosanct; our familiarity with it as a speech-act is equally uneasy. Type \u201cusing I love you\u201d into Google and the first autocomplete result is \u201ctoo much\u201d; the second is \u201cas a weapon.\u201d \u201cWe are hard on each other \/ and call it honesty,\u201d writes Margaret Atwood in \u201cWe Are Hard on Each Other.\u201d \u201cThe things we say are \/ true; it is our crooked \/ aims, our choices \/ turn them criminal \u2026 If I love you \/ is that a fact or a weapon?\u201d Potentially a weapon, Iris Murdoch seemed to think, potentially a trap. \u201cNobody loves you as I love you,\u201d Mitzi tells Charlotte in An Accidental Man<\/em>. \u201cNothing follows it,\u201d decides Charlotte, and leaves. \u201cThe most important aspect of the matter as far as I\u2019m concerned is that I love you,\u201d Tom tells Emma in The Philosopher\u2019s Pupil<\/em>. \u201cI love you too,\u201d Emma replies, \u201cbut nothing follows from that.\u201d<\/p>\n

If, as Corrado puts it, Smart Reply resorts to I love you<\/em>\u00a0\u201cas a safe bet if it [is] unsure,\u201d then its fragile reasoning is simply a mirror of our own\u2014of our means for dealing with the bewildering uncertainty of intimacy. Without a sense of the meaning of the phrase in langue<\/em>, and taking its use only in parole<\/em>, Smart Reply can\u2019t discern the dissonance between the two; how could it compute that saying I love you<\/em> seemingly at random is inappropriate, when this is the Pollock-like pattern of our use of the phrase?<\/p>\n

But to regard this as a failure of Smart Reply, or a transgression against language on our part, is to misunderstand how contradictions and ambiguities, misdirection and dissembling, may be necessary to us. There\u2019s a tradition in Ethiopian culture called \u201cwax and gold\u201d that has its origin in the nation\u2019s Orthodox Church: the \u201cgold\u201d of one\u2019s meaning is hidden beneath the \u201cwax\u201d of the surface. For example: \u201cGreetings to you,\u201d said the notorious priest and poet Aleka Gebre-Hana, using the plural form of you<\/em>, when he encountered a man and his mule on the path. Was the holy man denoting respect, or was he implying that he considered the man and his livestock to be social equals? The theologian Mohammed Girma<\/a> has drawn a contrast<\/a> between an American anthropological analysis of wax and gold and an Ethiopian philosophical analysis: for Donald Levine, the wax-and-gold trope allows one to create expressive and critical space in the strict setting of Ethiopia\u2019s Orthodox Church; for Messay Kebede, wax and gold is a hermeneutic practice within<\/em> the Ethiopian Orthodox Church rather than against it\u2014a way of drawing attention to the dualism of metaphysics, the dissonance between appearance and reality. \u201cThat is wonderful,\u201d your partner says, and her disappointment is amplified and made poignant because, of course, it is not<\/em> wonderful, not wonderful at all<\/em> (you can see that now).<\/p>\n

Smart Reply \u201ccan take care of the thinking and save precious time spent typing,\u201d promises the software engineer B\u00e1lint Mikl\u00f3s. Perhaps it might save the sender time in typing out a reply, but it won\u2019t save the recipient the effort of interpreting it. Smart Reply may never be able to iron out language, because we\u2019re constantly abusing our lexicon, using it to express ourselves beyond the range formally expected or permitted. Google researchers have reduced the frequency of I love you<\/em>\u00a0as a suggested reply by finding a way for Smart Reply to calibrate the probability of its being a suitable response given the message it\u2019s responding to. This makes it unlikely, but not impossible, that I love you<\/em>\u00a0would be suggested for work correspondence: it depends on what you are doing at work, and with whom. Fortunately or not, I love you<\/em>, in all its nuclear potency, remains an option for non-work replies, for which you can deploy it to whatever end you\u2019d like. Sounds good\u2014thanks.<\/p>\n

MG Zimeta is a writer and academic philosopher, and an Honorary Research Associate at the Department of Science and Technology Studies, UCL.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How Smart Reply attempts to mimic\u00a0the way we talk. Last month, researchers at Google unveiled Smart Reply, a piece of artificial intelligence\u00a0that scans the e-mail you\u2019re reading on your phone and suggests three possible responses. Why bother composing an answer yourself? Now you can choose one of Smart Reply\u2019s with a quick tap. \u201cDo you […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":865,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[684],"tags":[1980,1981,10414,1045,20637,19103,7514,687,20639,13030,7403,20638,2471,20636,20640,20641,2393],"class_list":["post-93007","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-on-language","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-computers","tag-email","tag-google","tag-greg-corrado","tag-inbox","tag-iris-murdoch","tag-language","tag-langue","tag-parole","tag-philosophy","tag-saussure","tag-semantics","tag-smartreply","tag-speech-acts","tag-thought-vectors","tag-words"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nI Love You: How SmartReply Attempts to Mimic the Way We Talk<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"MG Zimeta on the philosophy behind a new artificial intelligence.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2015\/12\/17\/thanks-sounds-good-i-love-you\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Thanks, Sounds Good, I Love You by M. 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