{"id":91071,"date":"2015-10-20T13:22:08","date_gmt":"2015-10-20T17:22:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=91071"},"modified":"2015-10-21T10:49:59","modified_gmt":"2015-10-21T14:49:59","slug":"how-to-say-no-in-turkish","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2015\/10\/20\/how-to-say-no-in-turkish\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Say No in Turkish"},"content":{"rendered":"

Navigating a new language.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

A postcard of the harbor in Constantinople, ca. 1914.<\/p><\/div>\n

Some people see learning a language as an obstacle course or, more euphemistically, as a second coming of age. Whichever way you look at it, when it comes to Turkish, English speakers are faced with a much harder task than with an Indo-European language.<\/p>\n

Why does the Turkish alphabet not contain the letter w<\/em>? Very few Turkish words remind me of their equivalents in the languages I know; nothing follows a familiar pattern. Over and again, I read meanings into words that turn out to be false friends. Why does engel <\/em>mean \u201cobstacle,\u201d kalender <\/em>\u201cunconventional\u201d (it can also be a male first name), tabak\u2014<\/em>\u201cdish\u201d? Why do you \u201cdrink\u201d a cigarette\u2014sigara i\u00e7mek<\/em>? Why is a sunflower called a \u201cmoon flower,\u201d and a hornet a \u201cdonkey bee\u201d? Who came up with the idea to choose inmek <\/em>for \u201cget off\u201d? Will I ever learn to stop dotting the \u0131?\u00a0<\/p>\n

Turkish has no direct verbal equivalent for \u201cto be\u201d or \u201cto have\u201d: both are expressed using constructions that seem completely strange to my ears. It is an agglutinative language, which means that person, tense and case are all expressed by adding appendages to a word. \u201cIstanbulday\u0131m<\/em>\u201d\u2014I am in Istanbul\u2014is one word. As you don\u2019t know the verb before you get to the end of the sentence, you often have to juggle several subordinate clauses while trying to work out what relation these components have to one another.<\/p>\n

Instead of he<\/em>, she<\/em>, and it<\/em>, there\u2019s one word: o<\/em>. So, in the first place, you have to pay close attention to whom or what is being talked about. Most of the time, the aesthetic of sound in Turkish follows the principle of vocal harmony: whatever comes later has to fit in with the sequence of the vowels that has gone before. The longer you study Turkish, the more you get a feel for the elegance of its complex syntax, which is impossible to render exactly in English because words are constructed differently and sentences are composed in another way.<\/p>\n

There\u2019s a series of words that you have to look at or listen to carefully so as not to confuse them.\u00a0K\u0131\u015f <\/em>means \u201cwinter\u201d but ki\u015f <\/em>means \u201cquiche\u201d; ki\u015fi <\/em>means \u201cperson,\u201d but on the other hand, k\u0131z <\/em>means \u201cgirl.\u201d Sometimes a mere accent changes the meaning: kar <\/em>means \u201csnow,\u201d and k\u00e2r<\/em>\u2014with a more open and longer-sounding \u00e2<\/em>\u2014means \u201cprofit.\u201d<\/p>\n

It takes time to come to grips with some of the rules. Hay\u0131r<\/em>, the direct equivalent of \u201cno,\u201d is seldom used. The common way of saying no is yok<\/em>; it\u2019s the opposite of var<\/em> and means \u201cthere isn\u2019t\/aren\u2019t.\u201d An example from the marketplace:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cElma var m\u0131?\u201d (\u201cDo you have any apples?\u201d)
\u201cYok\u201d (\u201cThere aren\u2019t any.\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Yok <\/em>is often used together with a slight backward flick of the head and a short clicking of the tongue. The word itself can often be left out and the meaning still comes across. A widening of the eyes can also mean no. Headshaking is understood as a reaction but is not itself common among Turks. Another polite way of saying no is the Arabic maalesef<\/em>, meaning \u201cunfortunately.\u201d A clear no is only used when someone wants to strongly deny something. And even then, sa\u011fol <\/em>or \u201cthanks\u201d is often used.<\/p>\n

As a Christian foreigner, can you use expressions like Allah Allah<\/em> (\u201cgosh\u201d), \u0130n<\/em>\u015fallah<\/em> (\u201chopefully\u201d), or a greeting such as Selam\u00fcn aleikum<\/em> (literally \u201cPeace be with you,\u201d a greeting that is answered with Aleikum selam<\/em>) without hesitating? Indeed, as a foreigner, you can get away with a lot. Many Turks appreciate the fact that you\u2019ve made the effort to learn their language and are generous when you say something that might be considered a faux pas.<\/p>\n

There are about five thousand words with French roots\u2014hal\u00fcsinasyon<\/em>, for example meaning hallucination. But those who believe that their French skills will get them halfway there are sorely mistaken. Many words are also Arabic or Persian in origin. Which one should you use? The original Turkish word or the one with Persian or Arabic roots? Even today, two words are often used in parallel, and sometimes their meanings have drifted apart.<\/p>\n

This is where the struggle with the consequences of Atat\u00fcrk\u2019s legacy comes into play: by creating a modern Turkish language, he wanted to free Ottoman Turkish from its freight of foreign-language influence, as well as bridge the gulf between the dialects of intellectuals and lower-class citizens. A committee was hired to replace Arabic and Persian loanwords with Anatolian, Azeri, Tatar, and artificial words. Within a few months, the changeover to the Latin alphabet was finalized. The use of Arabic script was made a punishable offence on January 1, 1929.<\/p>\n

Let\u2019s cast a glance at Geoffrey Lewis\u2019s\u00a0The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success<\/a><\/em> (2002), in which the author unveils a series of \u201clinguistic monstrosities\u201d with a delight for detail. One of Lewis\u2019s interesting claims is that the greeting sel\u00e2m <\/em>is less common these days than merhaba <\/em>(both have Arabic roots) because the lip movements for sel\u00e2m <\/em>in dubbed American films are more similar to hello<\/em> than merhaba<\/em>. Lewis makes no bones about his sympathies: in his opinion, modern Turkish does not have the diversity of meaning that Ottoman Turkish has. But what is the alternative? The resurrection of Ottoman Turkish? A year ago, it was fiercely debated in Turkey whether it should be offered as a compulsory subject for high schools across the nation. But in the meantime, the discussion has ebbed away. There are simply not enough people who still master this vanishing form.<\/p>\n

But all is not lost. Apart from Turkey\u2019s population of almost eighty\u00a0million people, Azerbaijan (ten million inhabitants) uses an alphabet similar to that of Turkish. And some thirty\u00a0million Azeri Iranians speak a language very similar-sounding to Turkish, although they write it with Arabo-Persian characters. In Uzbekistan, too, where a Turkic language is spoken by almost twenty-five\u00a0million people, the numbers from one to five are bir<\/em>, ikki<\/em>, uch<\/em>, t\u2019ort<\/em>, besh <\/em>(in Turkish: bir<\/em>, iki<\/em>, \u00fc<\/em>\u00e7<\/em>, d\u00f6rt<\/em>, be<\/em>\u015f<\/em>), and even among the Uyghurs in northwest China, five thousand kilometers away from Istanbul, the way they are spoken is not so different.<\/p>\n

Bernd Brunner\u2019s most recent book is <\/em>The Art of Lying Down: A Guide to Horizontal Living. <\/em>He divides his time between Istanbul and Berlin.<\/em><\/p>\n

Translated from the German by Lucy Renner Jones<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Navigating a new language. Some people see learning a language as an obstacle course or, more euphemistically, as a second coming of age. Whichever way you look at it, when it comes to Turkish, English speakers are faced with a much harder task than with an Indo-European language. Why does the Turkish alphabet not contain […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":882,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[684],"tags":[12466,231,10472,687,1417,19879,2393],"class_list":["post-91071","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-on-language","tag-constantinople","tag-grammar","tag-istanbul","tag-language","tag-turkey","tag-turkish","tag-words"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow to Say No in Turkish: Navigating a New Language<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"October 20, 2015 \u2013 Navigating a new language.Some people see learning a language as an obstacle course or, more euphemistically, as a second coming of age. 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