{"id":8968,"date":"2010-12-21T09:06:59","date_gmt":"2010-12-21T14:06:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=8968"},"modified":"2010-12-21T15:48:06","modified_gmt":"2010-12-21T20:48:06","slug":"pictorial-grammar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2010\/12\/21\/pictorial-grammar\/","title":{"rendered":"Pictorial Grammar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Co-authored by Gabriel Greenberg.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Think of the last time you looked for an apartment: Most likely, a good number of the listings that you encountered came with floor plans. And by looking at these diagrams, you probably had no trouble finding out all sorts of things about the living spaces being advertised: the rough shape of each room; the location of all windows and doors. But how exactly did you reach these conclusions? And how do you immediately understand the route you\u2019re being shown, when a helpful stranger in a foreign country traces a path with their index finger over a subway map? Or how do you look at a courtroom sketch and know that the defendant was wearing suspenders?<\/p>\n

Whether they\u2019re architectural renderings, Venn diagrams, or even the inkless images created by gestures, pictures can all be thought of as 2-D encodings of our 3-D world. We decipher these images so easily that we never even suspect we\u2019re cracking a code of sorts; we recognize that a certain brushstroke represents an eyebrow, or certain lines forming a Y denote the corner of a cube. But what if someone could write out a codebook (so to speak) precise enough that even a machine, by consulting it, could draw<\/a> and interpret drawings<\/a>? Over the past few decades, philosophers, psychologists, and computer scientists have taken on this task, and found it less straightforward than one might think.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Left: a portrait of George Bush; right: a drawing of an IKEA lamp.<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Even the simplest sorts of pictures, line drawings, raise complicated questions. One could say that the marks in a line drawing simply demarcate boundaries between patches of color. As appealing as that rule of thumb might sound, it yields this largely unrecognizable portrait<\/a> of George Bush. Other algorithms, the earliest ones pioneered in the 1970s, construed line segments and intersections as edges and corners. But lines represent many things: Some of the lines in this drawing of an IKEA lamp indicate edges; others show object boundaries. Groupings of lines can represent shadow. <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Julian Opie\u2019s Vera, Dancer<\/em>, 2007<\/p><\/div>Most confounding of all, certain kinds of lines\u2014termed \u201csuggestive contours\u201d by a team of Rutgers and Princeton researchers\u2014show edges that would appear if the viewer shifted his or her vantage point. Look at the line segment at the bottom edge of the woman\u2019s lip in Julian Opie\u2019s Vera, Dancer<\/em>, 2007. Opie\u2019s depiction of Vera is undeniably stylized; still, we wouldn\u2019t expect to find a black stripe tattooed under her lower lip in real life. Nor is it likely\u2014unless she had an incredibly droopy pout\u2014that the line depicts an actual edge. Instead, we interpret the mark as a suggestive contour: It\u2019s the line that indicates precisely where an edge would<\/em> appear, as carved out by the protruding curve of Vera\u2019s lower lip if a viewer climbed a stepladder and looked down at her face. A similar suggestive contour appears in Picasso\u2019s rendering of Igor Stravinsky. Though Picasso certainly wasn\u2019t much of a realist, it\u2019s still unlikely the line extending diagonally down from his friend\u2019s ear is meant to imply that Stravinsky\u2019s cheek buckled inward dramatically enough to create a kangaroo\u2019s pocket of sorts. Rather, the line traces the edge delineated by his cheekbone that would become apparent if he swiveled his head slightly in the other direction. <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Picasso\u2019s rendering of Igor Stravinsky.<\/p><\/div>\n

Though artists use suggestive contours in line drawings all the time, they usually do so without realizing the complexity of what they\u2019re doing. In fact, the Rutgers and Princeton researchers have gone so far as to identify the precise algorithms that machines can use to create drawings with suggestive contours. (Those of you wanting to program your own computers, or to see how their machines fared, can find the documentation and images here<\/a>.) <\/p>\n

But how universal are the rules we use to understand pictures? Does the same codebook govern the Lascaux cave paintings and the vignettes in Delta\u2019s emergency evacuation pamphlets? These questions are still open to debate. I recently came across a picture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art\u2019s current Yuan Dynasty exhibition that illustrated a few of the answers. The work, by Wang Zhenpeng, follows some of the same rules as do contemporary Western pictures. Lines still indicate edges, visual boundaries, strands of hair. And yet there are distinct differences\u2014the edges of a table represented by parallel lines that never converge. <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cThe World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty\u201d is up at the Metropolitan Museum of Art until January 2, 2011. Dawn Chan is the assistant editor at Artforum.com. She briefly studied artificial intelligence and vision at the University of Zurich on a Fulbright grant. Gabriel Greenberg<\/a> is writing his dissertation on pictorial semantics<\/a> at the Department of Philosophy at Rutgers University.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Co-authored by Gabriel Greenberg. Think of the last time you looked for an apartment: Most likely, a good number of the listings that you encountered came with floor plans. And by looking at these diagrams, you probably had no trouble finding out all sorts of things about the living spaces being advertised: the rough shape […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":77,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[419],"tags":[1560,1562,1557,1564,1561,1563,1558,1559],"class_list":["post-8968","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arts-culture","tag-chinese-art","tag-contours","tag-edge","tag-julian-opie","tag-khubilai-khan","tag-line-drawings","tag-lines","tag-pictorial-grammar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPictorial Grammar by Dawn Chan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"December 21, 2010 \u2013 Co-authored by Gabriel Greenberg. 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