{"id":82062,"date":"2015-01-27T15:58:35","date_gmt":"2015-01-27T20:58:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=82062"},"modified":"2015-01-30T16:10:21","modified_gmt":"2015-01-30T21:10:21","slug":"fast-asleep-and-wide-awake","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2015\/01\/27\/fast-asleep-and-wide-awake\/","title":{"rendered":"Fast Asleep and Wide Awake"},"content":{"rendered":"

But shouldn\u2019t that be the other way around?<\/em><\/p>\n

\"A_Rotting_Am_Morgen_1840\"<\/a>

A. R\u00f6tting, In the Morning<\/i>, 1840.<\/p><\/div>\n

Like Thomas Wyatt, who can\u2019t quite let go<\/a>, I can\u2019t quite let go of that Wyatt poem about what she hath deserved. He says in it that love was not just a dream: \u201cIt was no dream, I lay broad waking.\u201d The last two words are an obvious yet pleasantly unfamiliar double-synonym for wide awake<\/em>.<\/p>\n

But what\u2019s so wide about it?<\/p>\n

To see the link between alertness and vast side-to-side extent\u2014and why we\u2019re also said to be speedy asleep\u2014the place to start is with awake. <\/em>The \u201ca-\u201d is a weakened form of the preposition on<\/em> or in,<\/em> by the same verbal laziness that turned one<\/em> into the article an<\/em>, and then before consonants into a,<\/em> pronounced \u201cuh.\u201d To go on<\/em> board or on<\/em> shore, to be in<\/em> bed or on<\/em> a slant, is to be aboard, ashore, abed, aslant, <\/em>not to mention astern, abreast, ahead <\/em>(originally nautical as well), afoot, aloof<\/em> (on the luff side, to windward, steering clear), far afield, <\/em>run aground<\/em>. We don\u2019t think of them as contractions of preposition + noun anymore, but many of our location and direction words have this form: afar<\/em>, amid<\/em>, atop<\/em>, athwart<\/em>, askew<\/em>, awry<\/em>, gone astray<\/em>, and less obviously across<\/em>, away<\/em>, apart<\/em>, around<\/em>, aside<\/em>, taken aback.
<\/em><\/p>\n

The same thing happened to time phrases. There\u2019s a-nights<\/em> and a-days<\/em>, surviving in nowadays<\/em>; in five dollars a day<\/em> or twice a week<\/em>, it looks like the \u201cin\u201d has been dropped from twice in a week, <\/em>but actually it\u2019s the article that disappeared. And sometimes these forms preserve old etymologies: aloft <\/em>(\u201cin the air\u201d\u2014German\u00a0Luft<\/em>), among <\/em>(\u201cin the crowd\u201d\u2014German Menge<\/em>). Bonus points if you can spot the prepositional phrases in akin<\/em>, anew<\/em>, amiss<\/em>, anon<\/em>, aghast<\/em>, agog.<\/em><\/p>\n

Finally, \u201ca-\u201d meant in <\/em>as in \u201cin a state of\u201d (asleep<\/em>, awake<\/em>, alive<\/em> or \u201cin life\u201d\u2014the f<\/em> and v<\/em> wavered, which is why we have the word lives<\/em>).<\/em> The second part of the \u201ca-\u201d word was always a noun, even where it seems not to be, such as in afloat<\/em> or adrift <\/em>(\u201cin a drift,\u201d \u201con float\u201d: float<\/em> was originally a noun for the state of floating, like a fleet). Since all these nouns also look like verbs, though, the pattern was falsely extended to any verb, which is why we can now be atremble<\/em>, aquiver<\/em>, aflutter<\/em>, awash<\/em>, abloom<\/em>, ablaze<\/em>, aflame<\/em>, aglow<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Wake<\/em>, too, was a noun, meaning \u201cawakeness\u201d\u2014Wyatt uses the noun waking. <\/em>(He didn\u2019t lay broadly waking up: he lay awake, in awakeness, just as \u201cevery waking hour\u201d does not mean every hour that wakes up.) Add a verb of motion to the \u201ca-\u201d noun forms with \u201c-ing\u201d and you get go a-begging<\/em>, set the bells a-ringing<\/em>, a-hunting we will go<\/em>. Thoreau called Time \u201cthe stream I go a-fishing in\u201d and mentions going a-strawberrying and a-huckleberrying in the woods, but he was just about the last person who could get away with it: the construction is too olde fashion\u2019d now. (A-tweeting we will go? A-refinancing?)<\/p>\n

The question remains: Why \u201cwide\u201d awake? According to the Oxford English Dictionary<\/em>, wide awake<\/em> is a relatively recent term, defined as \u201cawake with the eyes wide open; fully awake,\u201d and going back only to Shelley in 1818. That must be wrong. Wyatt\u2019s \u201cbroad waking\u201d has Shelley beat by three centuries. Wide<\/em> also meant \u201cextensive, inclusive, or broad in scope\u201d\u2014\u201cwide fame\u201d is in Milton\u2014so wide awake<\/em> means \u201cdeeply, fully in the waking state,\u201d nothing to do with eyes open wide. The dictionary lists nothing under broad waking<\/em>, but broad daylight<\/em>, equally nonspatial, goes back to the fourteenth century, and far and wide,<\/em> in the sense \u201caffecting many things,\u201d goes back to Beowulf.<\/em> The lovely term far nights,<\/em> with its obsolete genitive, meaning \u201clate in the night,\u201d goes back to Wyatt\u2019s time, and far days<\/em> even farther.<\/p>\n

\u201cFast asleep\u201d is easier to make sense of than \u201cwide awake.\u201d The original meaning of fast<\/em> is \u201cfirmly fixed, immobile\u201d\u2014fastened <\/em>with a fastener<\/em>, held fast<\/em>, color-fast<\/em>, steadfast<\/em>, a fast<\/em> friend. As an adverb, fast<\/em> meant doing something steadily, earnestly, tenaciously. We are firmly asleep far nights, fully awake far days. To \u201csleep fast\u201d goes back to 1200; today we say \u201csleep tight.\u201d The meaning \u201cquick\u201d or \u201cspeedy\u201d for fast <\/em>came later, apparently as an offshoot of \u201crunning fast,\u201d i.e., \u201crunning hard.\u201d Work hard, play hard; sleep fast, run fast. It seems that the thing a person had to do most tenaciously a thousand years ago was run away, and so fast<\/em> turned into its opposite. To be fast asleep is to be soundly in sleep, sound asleep\u2014hard and fast, safe and sound. \u201cSteady asleep\u201d and \u201cquick awake\u201d may seem to make more sense, but they just don\u2019t sing with the music of English.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Damion Searls<\/a>, the <\/em>Daily\u2019s language columnist, is a translator from German, French, Norwegian, and Dutch.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

But shouldn\u2019t that be the other way around? Like Thomas Wyatt, who can\u2019t quite let go, I can\u2019t quite let go of that Wyatt poem about what she hath deserved. He says in it that love was not just a dream: \u201cIt was no dream, I lay broad waking.\u201d The last two words are an […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":754,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[807],"tags":[869,10882,16783,2861,687,165,16780,12869,16782,16779,16781,2393],"class_list":["post-82062","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-on-translation","tag-english","tag-etymology","tag-fast-asleep","tag-history","tag-language","tag-poetry","tag-prepositions","tag-sleep","tag-thomas-wyatt","tag-waking","tag-wide-awake","tag-words"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhy Do We Say \u201cWide Awake\u201d?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Damion Searls looks at the etymology of the way we talk about being awake\u2014and falling asleep.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2015\/01\/27\/fast-asleep-and-wide-awake\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fast Asleep and Wide Awake by Damion Searls\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"January 27, 2015 \u2013 But shouldn\u2019t that be the other way around? 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