{"id":81349,"date":"2015-01-07T18:54:53","date_gmt":"2015-01-07T23:54:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=81349"},"modified":"2015-01-07T19:16:18","modified_gmt":"2015-01-08T00:16:18","slug":"amazing-robot-brain-translates-russian","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2015\/01\/07\/amazing-robot-brain-translates-russian\/","title":{"rendered":"Amazing Robot Brain Translates Russian"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"ibm701\"<\/a>

The general layout of the IBM 701. Photo via Computer History<\/p><\/div>\n

Sixty-one years ago, on January 7, 1954, a massive, terrifying, IBM artificial intelligence\u2014referred to in the press as a \u201cgiant brain,\u201d a \u201crobot brain,\u201d and a \u201cpolyglot brainchild,\u201d among other wide-eyed terms\u2014translated more than sixty sentences from Russian into English. It was the first public demonstration of machine translation. And yeah, the people were pleased.<\/p>\n

The computer was an IBM 701, which was, according to its manufacturer, \u201cthe most versatile electronic \u2018brain\u2019 extant,\u201d used sixteen hours a day for \u201cnuclear physics, rocket trajectories, weather forecasting, and other mathematical wizardry.\u201d But translating was an entirely different pursuit, and substantially more difficult: in fact, the computer knew only six grammatical rules, and its vocabulary comprised just 250 terms.<\/p>\n

Working with Georgetown linguists, and with dozens from the media watching in IBM\u2019s New York headquarters, a woman \u201cwho didn’t understand a word of the language of the Soviets punched out the Russian messages on IBM cards.\u201d (They used a Romanized version of Russian.) She began with sentences about chemistry, which probably unnerved the newsmen in attendance\u2014how were they supposed to captivate readers with such examples as \u201cThe quality of coal is determined by calorie content\u201d and \u201cStarch is produced by mechanical methods from potatoes\u201d? <\/p>\n

But then she moved onto more accessible, \u201cgeneral interest\u201d fare, giving the machine what the Christian Science Monitor <\/em>called \u201ca real workout.\u201d It translated \u201cVladyimir yavlyayetsya na rabotu pozdno utrom\u201d into \u201cVladimir appears for work late in the morning.\u201d From \u201cMi pyeryedayem mislyi posryedstvom ryechi\u201d it derived \u201cWe transmit thoughts by means of speech.\u201d You know, normal everyday sentences like you or I might use.<\/p>\n

\"Screen<\/a>

A flowchart of part of the IBM\u2018s dictionary lookup procedures.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cThe \u2018brain\u2019,\u201d the Monitor<\/em>\u2019s correspondent wrote, \u201cdidn\u2019t even strain its superlative versatility and flicked out its interpretation with a nonchalant attitude of assumed intellectual achievement.\u201d<\/p>\n

There was some subterfuge here\u2014obviously six grammatical laws and 250 words do not a language make\u2014and in retrospect, the experiment created a long-lasting misconception: the populace came to feel that machine translation was much more advanced than it really was. The effortlessness of, say, Google Translate was still a glimmer in some engineer\u2019s eye. Nevertheless, you get a sense, from the breathless descriptions in newspapers, that this was a watershed moment in futurology. Computers were so new at the time that they were almost always described using fanciful analogies to the human brain; those who knew about them at all tended to associate them with numerical work, not with language. To see a machine trafficking in human communication would have been astonishing, if not outright frightening.<\/p>\n

If you\u2019re curious, there\u2019s an excellent research paper about the demonstration by John Hutchins<\/a>, and IBM has archived its original press release online<\/a>. \u201cElectronic translation will begin with separate dictionaries for each technical area,\u201d it predicted: \u201cAs experience with them grows, enough will be learned to permit accurate translation of our common everyday language, in which are such illogical and unpredictable words as \u2018charley horse.\u2019\u2009\u201d<\/p>\n

Dan Piepenbring is the web editor of <\/em>The Paris Review.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sixty-one years ago, on January 7, 1954, a massive, terrifying, IBM artificial intelligence\u2014referred to in the press as a \u201cgiant brain,\u201d a \u201crobot brain,\u201d and a \u201cpolyglot brainchild,\u201d among other wide-eyed terms\u2014translated more than sixty sentences from Russian into English. It was the first public demonstration of machine translation. And yeah, the people were pleased. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7555],"tags":[16525,1980,1981,11795,16527,4697,16526,530],"class_list":["post-81349","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-on-history","tag-16525","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-computers","tag-georgetown","tag-google-translate","tag-ibm","tag-machine-translation","tag-translation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n61 Years Ago, a Massive Computer Learned the Art of Translation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In 1954, the IBM 701 wowed audiences by translating Russian sentences into English. 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