{"id":77753,"date":"2014-10-07T17:30:20","date_gmt":"2014-10-07T21:30:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=77753"},"modified":"2014-10-07T17:36:31","modified_gmt":"2014-10-07T21:36:31","slug":"the-notion-of-family","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2014\/10\/07\/the-notion-of-family\/","title":{"rendered":"The Notion of Family"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_77754\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/atoya-ruby-frazier-aunt-midgie-and-grandma-ruby-2007-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77754\" class=\"wp-image-77754\" src=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/atoya-ruby-frazier-aunt-midgie-and-grandma-ruby-2007-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg\" alt=\"aToya Ruby Frazier, Aunt Midgie and Grandma Ruby, 2007, from The Notion of Family (Aperture, 2014)\" width=\"600\" height=\"476\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/atoya-ruby-frazier-aunt-midgie-and-grandma-ruby-2007-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/atoya-ruby-frazier-aunt-midgie-and-grandma-ruby-2007-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014-300x238.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/atoya-ruby-frazier-aunt-midgie-and-grandma-ruby-2007-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014-1024x813.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 62.5em) 67vw, 100vw\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-77754\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><i>Aunt Midgie and Grandma Ruby<\/i>, 2007.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>LaToya Frazier\u2019s first monograph, <em>The Notion of Family<\/em>, documents the decline of Braddock, Pennsylvania\u2014a once-prosperous steel-mill town that employed generations of African American workers\u2014alongside the hardships of Frazier\u2019s family, who grew up there. Issues of class and race underscore the mostly black-and-white photographs in the collection, which is arranged as a kind of family album: intimate, collaboratively produced portraits of Frazier and her mother in mirrors and on beds, are presented with derelict scenes of collapsed buildings, vacant lots, and boarded-up stores.<\/p>\n<p>Frazier provides short texts with each image\u2014wistful snippets of memory and anecdote merge with facts and statistics. Illness is nearly a constant. As Laura Wexler points out in an accompanying essay, Braddock\u2019s hospital, which eventually housed the town\u2019s only restaurant and therefore became its de facto meeting place, \u201cis as much or more a fixture in this album and this family than the school, the factory, the library, the market, the taxi stand, the pawnshop, or any other institution.\u201d <!--more--><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_77756\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-home-on-braddock-avenue-2007-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77756\" class=\"wp-image-77756\" src=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-home-on-braddock-avenue-2007-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg\" alt=\"LaToya Ruby Frazier, Home on Braddock Avenue, 2007, from The Notion of Family (Aperture, 2014)\" width=\"600\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-home-on-braddock-avenue-2007-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-home-on-braddock-avenue-2007-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-home-on-braddock-avenue-2007-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014-1024x821.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 62.5em) 67vw, 100vw\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-77756\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><i>Home on Braddock Avenue<\/i>, 2007.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>A particularly poignant grid of color photographs chronicles the long-term effects of exposure to toxic metals atomized in the air and spread downwind from a nearby mill, still in use. Frazier describes the results of an ionic foot detox that she and her mother tried: \u201cMy water was lighter, slightly translucent with a large amount of brownish orange yeast debris, thin lymphatic mucus, and black chips of heavy metals floating on top \u2026 Areas cleansed: liver, gall bladder, kidneys, intestinal tract, and the lymphatic system \u2026 Mom\u2019s water was pretty dark with thick lymphatic mucus, indicating a congested liver and shredded lettuce-like particles from her intestinal track.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>The Notion of Family<\/em> gilds its often grim truths with the hope of resistance, as in Frazier\u2019s portraits of her Grandma Ruby\u2014with her battalion of dolls, a stoic countenance, and a matriarchal sense of duty\u2014who raised six children by herself on a Goodwill manager\u2019s salary. In one photograph, she stands in her kitchen, her arm resting on the back of a chair where her grandson sits, light from the adjacent window pouring through a scrim of curtain and ivy, her nightgown slipping from her shoulder, her home a picture of order and cleanliness. \u201cGrandma Ruby\u2019s interior design was a firewall that blocked external forces,\u201d Frazier writes.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_77755\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-grandma-ruby-and-j.c.-in-her-kitchen-2006-from-the-notion-of-familylatoya-ruby-frazier-grandma-ruby-and-j.c.-in-her-kitchen-2006-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77755\" class=\"wp-image-77755\" src=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-grandma-ruby-and-j.c.-in-her-kitchen-2006-from-the-notion-of-familylatoya-ruby-frazier-grandma-ruby-and-j.c.-in-her-kitchen-2006-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg\" alt=\"LaToya Ruby Frazier, Grandma Ruby and J.C. in Her Kitchen, 2006, from The Notion of FamilyLaToya Ruby Frazier, Grandma Ruby and J.C. in Her Kitchen, 2006, from The Notion of Family (Aperture, 2014)\" width=\"600\" height=\"482\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-grandma-ruby-and-j.c.-in-her-kitchen-2006-from-the-notion-of-familylatoya-ruby-frazier-grandma-ruby-and-j.c.-in-her-kitchen-2006-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-grandma-ruby-and-j.c.-in-her-kitchen-2006-from-the-notion-of-familylatoya-ruby-frazier-grandma-ruby-and-j.c.-in-her-kitchen-2006-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-grandma-ruby-and-j.c.-in-her-kitchen-2006-from-the-notion-of-familylatoya-ruby-frazier-grandma-ruby-and-j.c.-in-her-kitchen-2006-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014-1024x823.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 62.5em) 67vw, 100vw\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-77755\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><i>Grandma Ruby and J.C. in Her Kitchen<\/i>, 2006.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_77758\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-u.s.s.-edgar-thomson-steel-works-and-monongahela-river-2013-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77758\" class=\"wp-image-77758\" src=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-u.s.s.-edgar-thomson-steel-works-and-monongahela-river-2013-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg\" alt=\"LaToya Ruby Frazier, U.S.S. Edgar Thomson Steel Works and Monongahela River, 2013, from The Notion of Family (Aperture, 2014)\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-u.s.s.-edgar-thomson-steel-works-and-monongahela-river-2013-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-u.s.s.-edgar-thomson-steel-works-and-monongahela-river-2013-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-u.s.s.-edgar-thomson-steel-works-and-monongahela-river-2013-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014-1024x819.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 62.5em) 67vw, 100vw\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-77758\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><i>U.S.S. Edgar Thomson Steel Works and Monongahela River<\/i>, 2013.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>People in Braddock depended on the prosperity of the steel mills. Grandma Ruby\u2019s stepfather worked for his entire life in Andrew Carnegie\u2019s steel mill, the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, \u201ctearing down and rebuilding furnaces, cleaning up spilt metal and slag\u201d; he eventually collected a pension, though as Frazier reminds us with an image of Grandma Ruby wiping his behind as he leans out of a wheelchair, the labor wrecked his body. Dennis C. Dickerson, who contributed another essay to the book, writes: \u201cAs long as black men offered their bodies to the enormous physical rigors required of mill labor and their wives and children breathed the contaminated air filling Braddock skies, Edgar Thomson made it possible for laborers to buy homes, educate their youth, and plan for the future.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Throughout the book, Frazier invokes the specter of iconic Depression-era images from the Farm Security Administration, such as <a href=\"http:\/\/www.loc.gov\/rr\/print\/list\/128_migm.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dorothea Lange\u2019s \u201cMigrant Mother\u201d<\/a> (1936); Frazier has openly wondered what Florence Owens Thompson, Lange\u2019s subject, might\u2019ve said had she been invited to collaborate in documenting her family\u2019s plight. Self-determination rarely figures in the social documentary tradition, and in many ways Frazier\u2019s work seeks to redress this omission. That she defines her photography as a \u201cconceptual documentary\u201d practice speaks to her continued faith in the camera as a vehicle for both social change and aesthetic possibility: beauty, in her work, does not preclude protest any more than education presumes awareness.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOne of my goals is to disrupt the privileged point of view that only educated and elite practitioners can create work about the poor or disenfranchised,\u201d she tells the artist Dawoud Bey in their interview for the book. \u201cMy mother did not have to read Roland Barthes to understand death in a photograph.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_77757\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-momme-2008-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77757\" class=\"wp-image-77757\" src=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-momme-2008-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg\" alt=\"LaToya Ruby Frazier, Momme, 2008, from The Notion of Family (Aperture, 2014)\" width=\"600\" height=\"490\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-momme-2008-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-momme-2008-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier-momme-2008-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014-1024x835.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 62.5em) 67vw, 100vw\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-77757\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><i>Momme<\/i>, 2008.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_77759\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier1980s-welcome-to-historic-braddock-signage-and-a-lightbulb-2009-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77759\" class=\"wp-image-77759\" src=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier1980s-welcome-to-historic-braddock-signage-and-a-lightbulb-2009-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg\" alt=\"LaToya Ruby Frazier,1980s \u201cWelcome to Historic Braddock\u201d Signage and a Lightbulb, 2009, from The Notion of Family (Aperture, 2014)\" width=\"600\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier1980s-welcome-to-historic-braddock-signage-and-a-lightbulb-2009-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier1980s-welcome-to-historic-braddock-signage-and-a-lightbulb-2009-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/latoya-ruby-frazier1980s-welcome-to-historic-braddock-signage-and-a-lightbulb-2009-from-the-notion-of-family-aperture-2014-1024x770.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 62.5em) 67vw, 100vw\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-77759\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><i>1980s \u201cWelcome to Historic Braddock\u201d Signage and a Lightbulb<\/i>, 2009.<\/p><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><em>Jane Harris\u2019s writing has appeared in <\/em>Art in America<em>, <\/em>Artforum<em>, <\/em>Time Out New York<em>, <\/em>The Village Voice<em>, <\/em>The Believer<em>, and elsewhere.<\/em><\/div>\n<p><small>All photographs \u00a9 LaToya Frazier and courtesy of Aperture Publishing<\/small><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LaToya Frazier\u2019s first monograph, The Notion of Family, documents the decline of Braddock, Pennsylvania\u2014a once-prosperous steel-mill town that employed generations of African American workers\u2014alongside the hardships of Frazier\u2019s family, who grew up there. Issues of class and race underscore the mostly black-and-white photographs in the collection, which is arranged as a kind of family album: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":755,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2384],"tags":[513,786,15566,15563,15565,6576,100,7537,8306,15564],"class_list":["post-77753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-look","tag-depression","tag-dorothea-lange","tag-edgar-thomas-works","tag-latoya-frazier","tag-monographs","tag-pennsylvania","tag-photography","tag-pictures","tag-portraits","tag-steel-towns"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.4 (Yoast SEO v25.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Notion of Family<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Jane Harris on LaToya Frazier\u2019s 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