{"id":77732,"date":"2014-10-07T14:44:03","date_gmt":"2014-10-07T18:44:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=77732"},"modified":"2014-10-07T15:31:25","modified_gmt":"2014-10-07T19:31:25","slug":"planned-obsolescence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2014\/10\/07\/planned-obsolescence\/","title":{"rendered":"Planned Obsolescence"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"900304-05-02,<\/a>

An ad from the Philips company archives.<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

Is Byron in for a rude awakening! There is already an organization, a human one, known as \u201cPhoebus,\u201d the international light-bulb cartel, headquartered in Switzerland. Run pretty much by International GE, Osram, and Associated Electrical Industries of Britain, which are in turn owned 100%, 29% and 46%, respectively, by the General Electric Company in America. Phoebus fixes the prices and determines the operational lives of all the bulbs in the world, from Brazil to Japan to Holland (although Philips in Holland is the mad dog of the cartel, apt at any time to cut loose and sow disaster throughout the great Combi-nation). Given this state of general repression, there seems no place for a newborn Baby Bulb to start but at the bottom.<\/p>\n

But Phoebus doesn\u2019t know yet that Byron is immortal \u2026<\/p>\n

\u2014Thomas Pynchon, Gravity\u2019s Rainbow<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

I can remember reading Gravity\u2019s Rainbow<\/em> and marveling at the imagination on display in the famous \u201cByron the Bulb\u201d section, in which a very chipper, eternally burning lightbulb (yes, that\u2019s our Byron) finds himself in the crosshairs of Phoebus, a nefarious lightbulb cartel intent on controlling the life span of every bulb in the world.<\/p>\n

At the time, I assumed without a second thought that Phoebus was a work of fiction\u2014and why wouldn\u2019t it be? The cartel was mentioned, after all, in basically the same breath as an all-girl opium den, \u201cdildos rigged to pump floods of paregoric orgasm to the cap-illaries [sic] of the womb,\u201d and, yes, a talking lightbulb<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Markus Krajewski, a media studies professor, was less skeptical<\/a>: \u201cI knew that Pynchon\u2019s prose style mixes fact and fiction, and so I wondered: Could this be true?\u201d<\/p>\n

It was, his research revealed. Well, it kind of was\u2014the Phoebus cartel really did exist, and it perpetrated what can only be called the \u201cGreat Lightbulb Conspiracy<\/a>.\u201d Appropriately enough, IEEE Spectrum<\/em>\u2014a trade magazine edited by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers\u2014has Krajewki\u2019s story<\/a>: <\/p>\n

\n

On December 23, 1924, a group of leading international businessmen gathered in Geneva for a meeting that would alter the world for decades to come. Present were top representatives from all the major lightbulb manufacturers, including Germany\u2019s Osram, the Netherlands\u2019 Philips, France\u2019s Compagnie des Lampes, and the United States\u2019 General Electric. As revelers hung Christmas lights elsewhere in the city, the group founded the Phoebus cartel, a supervisory body that would carve up the worldwide incandescent lightbulb market, with each national and regional zone assigned its own manufacturers and production quotas. It\u00a0was\u00a0the first cartel in history to enjoy a truly global reach.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

These companies colluded, it turns out, to engineer incandescent lightbulbs with dramatically attenuated life spans: over the next years, bulbs that once burned some fifteen hundred to two thousand hours were made to last for only a\u00a0thousand, thus enabling every company in the world to sell more bulbs and artificially inflate prices. The ruse lasted until 1940, and it was surprisingly sophisticated in its execution; the companies involved made \u201cvery strenuous efforts \u2026 to emerge from a period of long life lamps,\u201d as one executive wrote. I love the language there\u2014as if efficiency was merely a phase, an independent variable, something to be waited out.<\/p>\n

Read the rest of Krajewski\u2019s piece here<\/a>\u2014and never again doubt the veracity of Pynchon.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Is Byron in for a rude awakening! There is already an organization, a human one, known as \u201cPhoebus,\u201d the international light-bulb cartel, headquartered in Switzerland. Run pretty much by International GE, Osram, and Associated Electrical Industries of Britain, which are in turn owned 100%, 29% and 46%, respectively, by the General Electric Company in America. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7555],"tags":[14345,15559,15553,1694,1124,15554,15558,15552,15555,15557,15556,4386],"class_list":["post-77732","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-on-history","tag-capitalism","tag-collusion","tag-conspiracies","tag-economics","tag-gravitys-rainbow","tag-ieee","tag-light","tag-lightbulbs","tag-markus-krajewski","tag-paranoia","tag-planned-obsolescence","tag-thomas-pynchon"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThomas Pynchon Was Right\u2014The Light Bulb Conspiracy Is Real<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The history behind the famous \u201cByron the Bulb\u201d in \u201cGravity\u2019s Rainbow.\u201d\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2014\/10\/07\/planned-obsolescence\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Planned Obsolescence by Dan Piepenbring\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"October 7, 2014 \u2013 Is Byron in for a rude awakening! 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