{"id":72744,"date":"2014-06-17T14:50:06","date_gmt":"2014-06-17T18:50:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=72744"},"modified":"2014-06-17T17:01:50","modified_gmt":"2014-06-17T21:01:50","slug":"true-objective-occurrences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2014\/06\/17\/true-objective-occurrences\/","title":{"rendered":"True Objective Occurrences"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_72747\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/psm_v10_d660_william_crookes.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-72747\" class=\"wp-image-72747\" src=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/psm_v10_d660_william_crookes.jpg\" alt=\"PSM_V10_D660_William_Crookes\" width=\"600\" height=\"766\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/psm_v10_d660_william_crookes.jpg 1723w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/psm_v10_d660_william_crookes-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/psm_v10_d660_william_crookes-801x1024.jpg 801w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 62.5em) 67vw, 100vw\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-72747\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crookes in an 1876 portrait from <i>Popular Science<\/i><\/p><\/div>\n<p>William Crookes, born today in 1832, was a deft scientist\u2014in Britain, he identified the first sample of helium, discovered thallium, invented a radiometer, and developed <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crookes_tube\" target=\"_blank\">a vacuum tube<\/a> to study cathode rays. But he was also a total na\u00eff.<\/p>\n<p>Swayed by spiritualism and the faddish pseudoscience of the day, Crookes regularly attended s\u00e9ances and joined both the Theosophical Society and the Ghost Club\u2014<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ghostclub.org.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\">still extant<\/a>, should you care to sign up. <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn\" target=\"_blank\">The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn<\/a>, perhaps the best-named misguided occultist group in the history of misguided occultist groups, inducted him in 1890.<\/p>\n<p>What drew someone of Crookes\u2019s occupation into such fraudulent circles? Some say it was grief\u2014Crookes\u2019s brother had died from yellow fever at only twenty-one, and the scientist presumably yearned to speak with him again. Whatever the case, Crookes\u2019s research papers on the paranormal, and thus whole years of his life, are swathed in a kind of dramatic irony. He was one of the few men in his profession who bought into these shaky accounts of the otherworldly. His writing on supernatural phenomena, so outwardly rigorous, shines with melancholy when you realize how deeply he wanted to believe. It\u2019s bad science on good faith. <!--more--><\/p>\n<p>His 1974 report, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/webspace.yale.edu\/chem125\/125\/history99\/8Occult\/CrookesPsychic.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Notes of an Enquiry into the Phenomena called Spiritual during the Years 1870\u20131873<\/a>,\u201d is available in full online. The title alone carries all the official, upright skepticism of the Royal Society\u2014from which Crookes was nearly ejected, when he started writing on this subject in earnest\u2014and the scientific method. For all its seeming caution, its every page is grossly erroneous. Crookes divides the \u201cphenomena\u201d into thirteen increasingly vague classes, e.g., \u201cThe Appearance of Hands, either Self-Luminous or Visible by Ordinary Light\u201d; \u201cSpecial Instances Which Seem to Point to the Agency of an Exterior Intelligence\u201d; \u201cMiscellaneous Occurrences of a Complex Character.\u201d He swears up and down that he\u2019s scrupulous and objective, but he seldom mentions the specifics of his methodology; instead, he writes with evident rapture about the seemingly impossible (read: impossible) marvels he\u2019s seen. And heard, for that matter:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>I have heard delicate ticks, as with the point of a pin; a cascade of sharp sounds as from an induction coil in full work; detonations in the air; sharp metallic taps; a crackling like that heard when a fractional machine is at work; sounds like scratching; the twittering of a bird, etc. \u2026 In the case of Miss Fox it seems only necessary for her to place her hand on any substance for loud thuds to be heard in it, like a triple pulsation, sometimes loud enough to be heard several rooms off \u2026 I have tested them in every way that I could devise, until there has been no escape from the conviction that they were true objective occurrences not produced by trickery or mechanical means.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Elsewhere, he writes, \u201cUnder the strictest test conditions, I have more than once had a solid, self-luminous, crystalline body placed in my hand by a hand which did not belong to any person in the room.\u201d And he introduces a section called \u201cThe Levitation of Human Beings\u201d like so: \u201cThis has occurred in my presence on four occasions in darkness.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>All of this says disquieting things about our capacity to be deceived. When you read Crookes\u2019s paper in light of his brother\u2019s early death, it\u2019s hard not to be affected by lines like this: \u201cTo the touch, the hand sometimes appears icy cold and dead, at other times, warm and life-like, grasping my own with the firm pressure of an old friend.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The science historian Sherrie Lynne Lyons wrote, \u201cHere was a man with a flawless scientific reputation, who discovered a new element, but could not detect a real live maiden who was masquerading as a ghost.\u201d Harry Houdini put it more bluntly: \u201cThere is not the slightest doubt in my mind that this brainy man was hoodwinked.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>William Crookes, born today in 1832, was a deft scientist\u2014in Britain, he identified the first sample of helium, discovered thallium, invented a radiometer, and developed a vacuum tube to study cathode rays. But he was also a total na\u00eff. Swayed by spiritualism and the faddish pseudoscience of the day, Crookes regularly attended s\u00e9ances and joined [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[419],"tags":[14320,7355,14319,14321,8593,9208,14318],"class_list":["post-72744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arts-culture","tag-hermetic-order-of-the-golden-dawn","tag-science","tag-the-paranormal","tag-the-royal-society","tag-the-supernatural","tag-theosophy","tag-william-crookes"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.4 (Yoast SEO v25.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Happy Birthday, William Crookes!<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"While known for his science innovations, William Crookers was also a total na\u00eff.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2014\/06\/17\/true-objective-occurrences\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"True Objective Occurrences by Dan Piepenbring\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"June 17, 2014 \u2013 William Crookes, born today in 1832, was a deft scientist\u2014in Britain, he identified the first sample of helium, discovered thallium, invented a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2014\/06\/17\/true-objective-occurrences\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Paris Review\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/parisreview\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-06-17T18:50:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2014-06-17T21:01:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/psm_v10_d660_william_crookes.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1723\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"2200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dan Piepenbring\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@parisreview\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@parisreview\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dan Piepenbring\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2014\/06\/17\/true-objective-occurrences\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2014\/06\/17\/true-objective-occurrences\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Dan Piepenbring\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/6b16ca558fc538230f135c3220dfd3c8\"},\"headline\":\"True Objective Occurrences\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-06-17T18:50:06+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-06-17T21:01:50+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2014\/06\/17\/true-objective-occurrences\/\"},\"wordCount\":672,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2014\/06\/17\/true-objective-occurrences\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/psm_v10_d660_william_crookes.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn\",\"science\",\"the paranormal\",\"the Royal Society\",\"the supernatural\",\"Theosophy\",\"William Crookes\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Arts &amp; 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