{"id":165832,"date":"2023-10-23T10:18:52","date_gmt":"2023-10-23T14:18:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=165832"},"modified":"2023-10-26T11:37:19","modified_gmt":"2023-10-26T15:37:19","slug":"the-future-of-ghosts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2023\/10\/23\/the-future-of-ghosts\/","title":{"rendered":"The Future of Ghosts"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"

Image of a ghost, produced by double exposure, 1899. Courtesy of the National Archives and Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/p><\/div>\n

There\u2019s a theory I like that suggests why the nineteenth century is so rich in ghost stories and hauntings. Carbon monoxide poisoning from gas lamps.<\/p>\n

Street lighting and indoor lighting burned coal gas, which is sooty and noxious. It gives off methane and carbon monoxide. Outdoors, the flickering flames of the gas lamps pumped carbon monoxide into the air\u2014air that was often trapped low down in the narrow streets and cramped courtyards of industrial cities and towns. Indoors, windows closed against the chilly weather prevented fresh oxygen from reaching those sitting up late by lamplight.<\/p>\n

Low-level carbon monoxide poisoning produces symptoms of choking, dizziness, paranoia, including feelings of dread, and hallucinations. Where better to hallucinate than in the already dark and shadowy streets of Victorian London? Or in the muffled and stifling interiors of New England?<\/p>\n

Ghosts abounded\u2014but were they real?<\/p>\n

Real<\/em> is a tricky word. It is no longer a three-dimensional word grounded in fact. Was it ever? We are living in a material world, but that is not our only reality. We daydream, we imagine. Everything that ever was began as an idea in someone\u2019s mind. The nonmaterial world is prodigious and profound.<\/p>\n

You don\u2019t have to be religious, or artistic, or creative, or a scientist, to understand that the world and what it contains is more than a 3D experience. To understand that truth, all we have to do is log on. Increasingly, our days are spent staring at screens, communicating with people we shall never meet. Young people who have grown up online consider that arena to be more significant to them than life in the \u201creal\u201d world. In China, there is a growing group who call themselves two-dimensionals, because work life, social life, love life, shopping, information, happen at a remove from physical interaction with others. This will become more apparent and more bizarre when metaverses offer an alternative reality.<\/p>\n

Let me ask you this. If you enjoyed a friendship with someone you have never met, would you know if they were dead? What if communication continued seamlessly? What if you went on meeting in the metaverse, just as always?<\/p>\n

Already, there are apps that can re-create your dead loved one sufficiently to be able to send you texts and emails, even voice calls. And if you both entered the metaverse in your avatar form, there is no reason why the \u201cdead\u201d avatar couldn\u2019t continue. Truly, technology is going to affect our relationship with death. In theory, no one needs to die. In theory, anyone can be resurrected. We can be our own haunting.<\/p>\n

Humans are terrified of death. Will technological developments allow us to avoid its psychological consequences? Or will it give us a new way to go mad? By which I mean to detach from the world of the senses into the metaverse?<\/p>\n

And does it matter? If Homo sapiens<\/em> is in a transition period, as I believe we are, then biology isn\u2019t going to be the next big deal. We are already doing everything we can to escape our biological existence\u2014most people barely make use of the bodies they have, and many would be glad to be freed from bodies that are sites of disappointment and disgust.<\/p>\n

Perhaps we are moving steadily toward the nonmaterial life and world that religious folks have told us is the ultimate truth. This time around, we won\u2019t have to die to get there\u2014we join the metaverse.<\/p>\n

There are plenty of horror stories about evil spirits impersonating the newly dead. I wonder if spirits of all kinds will infiltrate the metaverse? I am being playful here, but how would we know if a being in the metaverse had a biological self or not?Why wouldn\u2019t ghosts hack the metaverse? Surely it will feel like a more user-friendly, at-home space to them. The metaverse exists, but at the same time, it occupies no physical space. Ghosts exist (maybe), but they have no physical being. Tangible reality is getting old-fashioned.<\/p>\n

Once the hard boundary between the \u201creal\u201d world and other worlds comes down\u2014and that\u2019s what the metaverse intends\u2014being alive matters less. Once the physical body becomes optional, where does that leave ghosts?<\/p>\n

A ghost is the spirit of a dead person. An avatar is a digital twin of a living person. Neither is \u201creal.\u201d A haunted metaverse. Why not?<\/p>\n

In a sense, the Plato sense, materialism is about the hard copy. It is impressive. But it is still a copy.<\/p>\n

In other words, we are living in Toytown, and we mistake the substance for the shadow. The substance isn\u2019t what we can touch and feel\u2014and we know we are not actually touching or feeling anything; that\u2019s an illusion. Substance may not be material at all.<\/p>\n

Shakespeare put it this way, in sonnet 53: \u201cWhat is your substance, whereof are you made \/ That millions of strange shadows on you tend?\u201d<\/p>\n

I don\u2019t want to get into Shakespeare\u2019s Neoplatonism here\u2014which is what those lines swirl around\u2014but I do want to get into the fact that computing power and AI have left multimillions of us wondering what is real, in the old-fashioned sense of the word. This will only get faster and stranger as we enter the metaverse; a virtual world with digital twins in our world\u2014or the other way \u2019round, if you prefer.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat is your substance, whereof are you made?\u201d This could be addressed to a human. Or a transhuman. Or a post-human. Or an avatar. Or a ghost.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

This essay is an adapted excerpt from<\/em> Night Side of the River: Ghost Stories<\/a> by Jeanette Winterson<\/em>, out from Grove Press this month.<\/em><\/p>\n

Born in Manchester, England, Jeanette Winterson is the author of more than twenty books, including<\/em> Why Be Happy When You Could Be Normal?, Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, 12 Bytes, and<\/em> The Passion. She has won many prizes including the Whitbread Award for Best First Novel, the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize, the E. M. Forster Award, and the Stonewall Award.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cGhosts abounded\u2014but were they real?\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2423,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[68730],"tags":[67827,4383,9414,68731,14752,948],"class_list":["post-165832","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ghost-stories","tag-featured","tag-ghost-stories","tag-jeannette-winterson","tag-metaverse","tag-reality","tag-shakespeare"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Future of Ghosts by Jeanette Winterson<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"October 23, 2023 \u2013 \u201cGhosts abounded\u2014but were they real?\u201d\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2023\/10\/23\/the-future-of-ghosts\/\" \/>\n<meta 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