{"id":153189,"date":"2021-06-23T14:41:13","date_gmt":"2021-06-23T18:41:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=153189"},"modified":"2021-06-23T14:41:13","modified_gmt":"2021-06-23T18:41:13","slug":"the-covering-cherub-an-interview-with-joshua-cohen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2021\/06\/23\/the-covering-cherub-an-interview-with-joshua-cohen\/","title":{"rendered":"The Covering Cherub: An Interview with Joshua Cohen"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_153190\" style=\"width: 1010px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/cohen.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-153190\" class=\"size-full wp-image-153190\" src=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/cohen.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/cohen.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/cohen-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/cohen-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 62.5em) 67vw, 100vw\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-153190\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Marion Ettlinger.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><em>At 248 pages, Joshua Cohen\u2019s latest novel, <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/1531\/9781681376073\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Netanyahus: An Account of a Minor and Ultimately Even Negligible Episode in the History of a Very Famous Family<\/a><em>, is slim by his standards. His 2010 comic novel <\/em>Witz<em> comes to 824 pages. <\/em>Book of Numbers<em> is just shy of 600. Beyond page count, there is an instantly recognizable intensity to Cohen\u2019s writing, and in this respect, too, <\/em>The Netanyahus <em>is a bit of an outlier, for it unfolds with the ease of an anecdote, a comic\u2014if cautionary\u2014tale.<\/em> <em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Published in the U.S. this week by New York Review Books, the novel follows a series of events surrounding a job talk in 1960 by the conservative religious historian Benzion Netanyahu at a small college in upstate New York. The narrator is the liberal economic historian Ruben Blum, who is assigned to take charge of Netanyahu\u2019s campus visit, despite not knowing his work, because he is the only Jewish member of the faculty. Netanyahu unexpectedly brings his family along, and their encounter with Blum\u2019s family is about equal parts farcical and disturbing. There are a few other plot points and some significant digressions, including two inserted letters and a fully delivered speech. But all of it comes together in a kind of playful package that I found more congenial\u2014or differently congenial\u2014than Cohen\u2019s previous work. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>In the afterword, we learn that the novel is based on real-life events told to Cohen by the literary scholar Harold Bloom, toward the end of Bloom\u2019s life. Ruben Blum is a stand-in for Harold, the Blooms really hosted the Netanyahus, and so on. How much of the rest is true is unclear, for out of Bloom\u2019s anecdote Cohen has crafted a story about two Jewish families half a century ago that is also an inquiry into the religious and political tenets upon which Netanyahu\u2019s son\u2014the famous Benjamin\u2014would later reshape modern Israel. The result is a surprising hybrid, a learned and investigative novel that retains some of the feeling of a story shared by friends. Over and over, Cohen reconfigures the space between artifice and autobiography, between irony and earnestness, between what\u2019s made up and what\u2019s real, and how each of those modes offers its own understanding. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Cohen is the author of six novels, four story collections, and <\/em>Attention<em>, a collection of essays and criticism. I met him more than a decade ago, when I was the associate director of Dalkey Archive Press, and he and I hustled around New York promoting <\/em>Witz<em>. We became friends, and have grown as friends, mostly by talking about books we like. We also both spent part of our distant pasts working as musicians on cruise ships, and I would like to think that over the years we\u2019ve quietly bonded over the fact that neither of us ever brings that up. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>I interviewed Cohen by email in May and early June 2021. I told him ahead of time that I wanted to discuss Judaism as subject matter, the use of nonnarrative material in a narrative work, and varieties of comedy and irony, in that order. <\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n<p>When <em>Book of Numbers<\/em> came out, in 2015, you told me you were done writing \u201cJewish books.\u201d You\u2019d written <em>Witz<\/em>, a very Jewish book, then <em>Four New Messages<\/em> was not a particularly Jewish book,\u00a0nor was <em>Book of Numbers<\/em>. But later you wrote <em>Moving Kings<\/em>, an arguably very Jewish book, and now <em>The Netanyahus<\/em>, inarguably Jewish. Maybe this is a question about subject matter in general, the things we return to, but I\u2019m interested in why you feel drawn back to this one.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">COHEN<\/p>\n<p>You know about the covering cherub? God dwelled in the holy of holies in the Temple in Jerusalem, and because God can\u2019t be experienced directly\u2014because direct experience of God will destroy a mortal\u2014a cherub, or actually two cherubs in some accounts, was employed to hang out there, covering the presence of God with its wings. This was originally in Ezekiel, and though I\u2019m sure I encountered it there at some point in my life, I only really noticed the cherub because of Harold Bloom, whose writing about it didn\u2019t come from the Hebrew either, but from Milton and Blake. It was Milton and Blake who\u2019d turned this cherub singular and associated it with Satan\u2014the angel that covers God, that covers for God and, made overproud because of the privilege, falls. Bloom turned the covering cherub into the artist, the writer, who absorbs the divine light and filters it for the rest and, in doing so, suffers. Why am I bringing this up? Because it\u2019s beautiful, in its cracked romantic way, but also because the process by which this beauty came to me is a model. Here is a figure from what I might call my tradition\u2014Ezekiel, which I had to read at school\u2014that hadn\u2019t meant anything to me until, once Miltonized and Blaked, it Bloomed. This is typical, I think. We don\u2019t know what pasts we have until other traditions absorb and filter them\u2014in this case, a pair of English poets acting as covering cherubs for cherubic Harold. And now here I am, cherubing for you\u2014telling you that after every book I finish, I declare myself \u201cdone.\u201d (Mrs. Geller, my fifth-grade teacher of Bloomian proportions, used to remind me, \u201cTurkey is done, a person is finished.\u201d) After <em>Four New Messages<\/em>, I was \u201cdone\u201d with technology, but then I wrote <em>Book of Numbers<\/em>. After <em>Moving Kings<\/em>, I was \u201cdone\u201d with the Jews, but then I wrote <em>The Netanyahus<\/em>. At this point, I think declaring myself \u201cdone\u201d means \u201cI\u2019ll have another.\u201d <!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n<p>Partly I ask because in the novel\u2019s afterword, you introduce a sort of commentary on your own subject matter, in the form of an angry message you\u2014\u201cthe author\u201d\u2014purportedly received from the real person one of the characters is based on. This person has nothing nice to say about the book in general, but her opinions on the subject matter are really scathing. \u201cNone of this Jewish crap still matters,\u201d she writes. \u201cNo one reads books anymore and the Jews are either on the wrong side of history or irrelevant.\u201d I wondered how much of this quote was real. Then I wondered how much was you. I can\u2019t decide whether it dialectically undercuts what came before or takes the story to a fitting end.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">COHEN<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019m not sure it\u2019s an either-or. I think it\u2019s fitting and undercutting both. I couldn\u2019t write a book that doesn\u2019t acknowledge the role of books in the world today. I could read one, of course, but I couldn\u2019t write one, in the same way that I couldn\u2019t take up blacksmithing or fletchery unselfconsciously. It\u2019s like men who wear hats or grow beards\u2014and I don\u2019t mean Hasidim. They know what they\u2019re doing, they know they\u2019re being purposefully anachronistic\u2014antiquarian\u2014but the trick is to never admit it, the trick is to pretend it\u2019s perfectly normal. I was never able to fake it like that. I know that what I\u2019m doing is out of step and against the grain, and I think it\u2019s important to acknowledge that\u2014rather, I think it\u2019s important to bring in the present moment in all its opposition, as a type of background against which the book\u2019s drama can be read. I think my Blum character would understand this as a variety of double-bookkeeping: inviting into the book what was happening around me\u2014what I wasn\u2019t living\u2014while I was busy writing and hoping that the invitation would be enough to compensate.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n<p>In fact, you\u2019ve invited all sorts of things into this novel. In his review of <em>The Netanyahus <\/em>for the <em>Guardian<\/em>, Leo Robson says a lot of laudatory things but also takes the book to task for your inclusion of nonnarrative materials\u2014letters, a whole speech\u2014that advance the book\u2019s intellectual project but do less to drive the drama. We could talk about the long history of novels that include found forms or essayistic material, but the issue for me is simpler than that. I read those parts as neither impressive nor pretentious, but simply wonderful, a real pleasure. As someone who loves this kind of thing, I want to ask why you love this kind of thing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">COHEN<\/p>\n<p>I don\u2019t even know that I consider it a kind of thing. It\u2019s not like I have a switch to flick that turns me intellectual, or emotional, or psychological. People talk about everything, they don\u2019t just say what you want them to say or even what they want to say, and characters should be the same. In the deli today there was talk of UFOs, Biden\u2019s hair, the history of Belarus, and the grill guy\u2019s girlfriend problems. We bring ancient history into present conversation all the time, calling facts opinions and opinions facts, and when it comes to the nonverbal, to reading\u2014isn\u2019t the internet just one big dumb essay? Aren\u2019t most people reading this big dumb essay all the time, knowing they\u2019ll never finish?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n<p>Okay, but there\u2019s a choice here. Putting aside the question of what\u2019s commercially viable, you didn\u2019t\u00a0<em>accidentally<\/em> include large nonnarrative sections in this book. Something about the subject, or something about the project as it initially came to you, or as it developed as you went, led you to decide that these forms\u2014the letter, the speech\u2014were a part of this particular book you were writing. And of course it would have been a choice not to use these forms as well. Why this choice, in this book, is what I want to know.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">COHEN<\/p>\n<p>Because you\u2019re pushing, I\u2019ll try. The novel of ideas\u2014which is a phrase I hate and I\u2019m going to blame you for not forcing on me, so that I have to force it on myself\u2014is a tricky beast. Why it\u2019s tricky is because of people. Novels can\u2019t have an idea without a person and vice versa, of course, and though novels can contain countless ideas, the persons they contain come in two basic flavors, the author and the characters. Sure, an author can be a character, and a character can be an author, but I\u2019m speaking about fundamentals. Who is the person expressing this idea, to whom and how and why? Newer novels are pretty antisocial\u2014the person with the ideas is the author, wandering around somewhere that\u2019s usually a city, thinking first-world thoughts in first person, talking to the reader and so essentially talking to themselves. Call this autofiction if you want, call this essayistic fiction, whatever\u2014it\u2019s antisocial, with a narrator who\u2019s also the protagonist who\u2019s also their own doctor, lawyer, surgeon, judge; the resident expert, through which all knowledge passes: if they didn\u2019t read it, see it, hear it, or if they weren\u2019t told about it, then it doesn\u2019t exist, not for the reader. Now, contrast that to older novels like, say, <em>The Man Without Qualities\u00a0<\/em>or, even better,\u00a0<em>The Magic Mountain<\/em>. These are social novels. There isn\u2019t any one person with all the ideas. Instead, the ideas are given to, spoken by, incarnated through the characters, who meet up in salons and sanatoriums and go on strolls through the snow, or to dances, or to interminable parties and meals, wearing out their quotation marks as they talk and talk and talk. Sometimes these characters converse in groups that chain\u2014in the Musil, Ulrich and Arnheim, Ulrich and Diotima, Arnheim and Diotima\u2014and sometimes they go back and forth dialectically\u2014in the Mann, Settembrini, the so-called humanist, versus Naphta, the so-called radical\u2014but mostly they do both and more, and if they\u2019re Russian, they also perform monologues without interruption, a guest delivering six pages on metaphysics as the tea cools, and the host has switched to vodka and is already drunk.<\/p>\n<p>Don\u2019t worry\u2014I\u2019m getting to my point. A lot of my writing, some stuff published, a lot of stuff I\u2019ll never publish, has to do with navigating these categories. What I like about the antisocial novel of ideas is the immediacy of first person\u2014I like to read a mind thinking. And what I like about the social novel of ideas is other people besides the first person\u2014I like difference and challenge and arguments with stakes. In everything I do, I\u2019m trying to find ways of combining these categories, of juxtaposing them, blending them, mixing them up\u2014in <em>Four New Messages\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>Book of Numbers<\/em>\u00a0by faking emails, chats, edited and re-edited interview transcripts and drafts, and in\u00a0<em>The Netanyahus<\/em>\u00a0by forging letters of recommendation and lectures. My interest in this comes from my sense that this is how we live, merged with technology, enmeshed in other people\u2019s text, even in self-generated authorless text, and unable to distinguish fact from fiction.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n<p>What you talk about as social I think of as the subjectivity of all ideas, that ideas exist in the context of the people who think them and the moment in which they are thought, and to ignore this rootedness in experience is to pretend the world is more rational than it is. I am very skeptical\u2014more skeptical than you, I think\u2014of omniscience, of authority being taken too seriously, the authority of the author included. Which brings me to the question of irony. Fake forms are one thing\u2014fake emails, fake letters\u2014but fake ideas are another. <em>The Netanyahus<\/em> is much more theatrically fun than a Thomas Mann novel. It is a book full of comic scenes and lots of pathos, but since it is also full of ideas, the question is how the ideas are to be taken. Do ideas exist here as a part of the world, or as commentary on the world? Or both? Or sometimes one, sometimes the other?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">COHEN<\/p>\n<p>This is the question I\u2019m always asking myself\u2014about myself. And I\u2019m not sure I have any answers that don\u2019t collapse into comedy, which is exactly what happens in the book. The book is a fair portrayal only of my own inner argument: how far I\u2019m willing to push these conflicting ideas within myself until I stop caring about the ideas and care more about the conflict; the contradictions become less interesting than the drama of contradiction, the compromising positions I put myself in by refusing to compromise and the humor inherent in backing myself into opposing corners. If, as you say, ideas exist in the context of the people who think them\u2014 I think we agree that this is what I mean by \u201csocial\u201d\u2014then the moments that most compel me are those when the context becomes untenable. Do you really lose self-respect or dignity when you refuse to budge? Of what use is integrity? And so on. In my perversity, I want to connect this not to political ideology but to \u201cthe writing life.\u201d I love the freedom of writing, but then, is it a freedom? What have I sacrificed or lost for the privilege of this freedom? I have done some ridiculous, comical things in order to preserve my independence, or what I call my independence, as has almost every writer I\u2019ve ever met. They\u2019ve denied themselves pleasures, restrained their social urges, disdained or pretended to disdain their natural impulses toward material gain\u2014toward money\u2014all to pursue this phantom ideal, or all to pursue the time and conditions in which to purse this phantom ideal: total freedom on the page. And let me tell you, it\u2019s <em>hilarious<\/em>. The whole situation is\u00a0<em>hilarious<\/em>. And what\u2019s more, it\u2019s funny how many years it took me to recognize that\u2014how many books it took me to recognize and be able to laugh at the unintended comedy I created out of a hard-line fidelity to an abstraction.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n<p>Well if the dark comedy of the artist-self comes through in this novel, I suspect that is only because <em>every<\/em> kind of comedy comes through. Beyond the personal and dramatic and situational ironies, the comedy of errors and slapstick physicality, and the fact that the Netanyahu brothers could be the Three Stooges except that our knowledge of later world events makes their meathead behavior very scary\u2014and beyond your verbal humor, which is always precise but is here pretty toned down\u2014there is also the fact that your narrator is a classic schlemiel, and that tonally the book folds itself around him, making it actually, in my reading, the <em>lightest<\/em> of your books, in the sense of the gentlest. Your fiction is always comic, but your comedy is not often gentle. From whence the gentle? Is it because you\u2019re telling someone else\u2019s story? Because the book is written for a friend, in the memory of Harold Bloom?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">COHEN<\/p>\n<p>From whence the gentle, indeed\u2014from Harold, or from Harold dying, and from so many of his\u00a0generation dying, and probably from my own sense of getting older, and probably from this past year of plague and lockdown. I should also say that when you\u2019re writing an acidic character, like Benzion Netanyahu, it\u2019s hard to be acidic yourself. It\u2019s better to moderate the general tone so that the character\u2019s tone pokes through, cruder and sharper.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n<p>I think I\u2019m also saying I did not find much darkness in this book. But maybe what I should be saying is that I find darkness <em>around<\/em> the book, inescapably, in the looming shadow of the real-life future\u2014the political rise of Benjamin Netanyahu and all that has meant for the world\u2014that readers of Blum\u2019s tale can\u2019t help but hold in mind. The book\u2019s title suggests it is about current events, but really, current events are the book\u2019s unspoken truth. In this particular sense I might put <em>The Netanyahus<\/em> in a lineage with Georges Perec\u2019s <em>W <\/em>or W.\u2009G. Sebald\u2019s novels, books with absent centers, dark jokes for which history provides the punch line.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">COHEN<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s extremely generous because I know how much Perec means to you. I\u2019m a student of his, too\u2014interested if not in the strictly Oulipian nature of some of the work then in his principle of writing through lacunae, of purposefully excluding something from a book that might ultimately provide its key. These books tend to be tests, of the reader as much as of the culture itself\u2014tests as to whether a culture has preserved within itself enough of what Van Wyck Brooks called \u201ca usable past,\u201d to enable the book\u2019s comprehension. If you had only the most superficial idea of Nazi aesthetics\u2014if you knew nothing at all of its cult of physicality\u2014would you be able to understand <em>W<\/em>? If you knew nothing about German writing outside of Germany\u2014in Austria, in Austria-Hungary, at the fringes of the German-speaking world\u2014how could you hope to get at what Sebald is trying for, the assertion of an alternative German canon in the wake of et cetera? Their novels become trials of historical consciousness\u2014do you remember enough to understand them?\u2014as much as of present-day consciousness\u2014do you see and hear the world around you clearly enough to make any connections between the world and the page? Books that omit context or explanation, books that refrain from acknowledging their analogies and allegories, books that withhold from the reader not in a spirit of exclusion but as a spiritual catalyst, books that, yes, summon up the cherub to cover their intentions\u2014these are the books that provoke the reader, or at least provoke me as a reader, into seeking out the sources that are being denied, and in the process of that seeking I find myself situated within and vital to myriad continua. Or, to put it another way, this is how tradition works. This is what it means to live in a culture. Our books should be missing something, the finding of which makes us whole.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Martin Riker is the author of the novel <\/em>Samuel Johnson\u2019s Eternal Return,<em> and his critical writing has appeared in publications including the <\/em>New York Times<em>, <\/em>Wall Street Journal<em>, and <\/em>London Review of Books<em>. He teaches at Washington University in St. Louis and co-runs, with Danielle Dutton, the feminist publisher Dorothy, a Publishing Project. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Joshua Cohen on the boundary between fact and fiction, the unintended comedy of being a writer, and his latest novel, \u2018The Netanyahus.\u2019<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":910,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[907],"tags":[67827],"class_list":["post-153189","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-at-work","tag-featured"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.4 (Yoast SEO v25.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Covering Cherub: An Interview with Joshua Cohen by Martin Riker<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Joshua 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