{"id":135839,"date":"2019-04-26T11:00:52","date_gmt":"2019-04-26T15:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=135839"},"modified":"2019-04-26T09:53:47","modified_gmt":"2019-04-26T13:53:47","slug":"reframing-agnes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2019\/04\/26\/reframing-agnes\/","title":{"rendered":"Reframing Agnes"},"content":{"rendered":"

A 1958 case study is widely believed to be \u201cthe first sociological case study of a transitioning person.\u201d A new documentary short, premiering at Tribeca, finally allows Agnes to speak in her own words.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Kristen Schilt. Photo: Dan Dry.<\/p><\/div>\n

In October 1958, a nineteen-year-old woman called Agnes approached the psychiatry department at UCLA, having been referred there by a physician in her hometown. \u201cShe was tall, slim, with a very female shape,\u201d the sociologist Harold Garfinkel noted. \u201cHer measurements were 38-25-28. She had long, fine dark-blonde hair, a young face with pretty features, a peaches-and-cream complexion, no facial hair, subtly plucked eyebrows, and no makeup except for lipstick.\u201d Agnes arrived at UCLA seeking genital surgery for her self-described intersex condition. According to Agnes\u2019s self-reporting, though she had apparently been born a boy, female secondary sex characteristics began to spontaneously develop during puberty. Extensive physical and endocrinological testing revealed her to have no obvious intersex condition; all the same, Agnes\u2019s physical appearance assured doctors that she was, in fact, female.<\/p>\n

So Agnes became a patient\u2014and subject\u2014of Dr. Robert Stoller and Harold Garfinkel. At the time, Garfinkel was writing an ethnomethodology of how individuals make accountable aspects of daily life and interactions\u2014that is, how individuals might give an account of their interactions. While doctors determined whether Agnes was an acceptable candidate for surgery, conversations between Agnes and Garfinkel were recorded and formed the basis of Garfinkel\u2019s chapter \u201cPassing and the Managed Achievement of Sex Status in an \u2018Intersexed\u2019 Person Part 1*.\u201d This article is widely believed to be, in sociologist Kristen Schilt\u2019s words, \u201cthe first sociological case study of a transitioning person.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

It may also be the first American case study of a transgender person in transition. If this is true, little credit is due to Garfinkel and Stoller; they certainly did not intend to write a case study of a transgender person seeking transition. They were intending to document a person transitioning from, in their terms, \u201cintersex\u201d to \u201cnormal,\u201d describing the structure of daily processes in which one might pass for one gender or another. Passing\u2014whereby one might harbor a secret about one\u2019s \u201ctrue\u201d gender but go about daily life closely guarding that secret, and presenting as otherwise\u2014was a useful framework for Garfinkel to think about risk, and the risks we take in social interaction, if and when we have something to lose. To that end, Garfinkel\u2019s primary interest in Agnes was not about whether she was \u201cactually\u201d intersex. Rather, he was compelled by the basic question: What is at stake for a person passing? If passing carries such a risk, what induces a person to pass, in spite of the risk of exposure, or worse? Gender, in this case, was only the vehicle by which Garfinkel could observe a person\u2019s risk assessment, or which move they might make in a social situation.<\/p>\n

If this sounds like a game, it\u2019s because, for Garfinkel, passing was indeed to be understood\u2014at least partially, theoretically\u2014as a game. In passing, as in games, there are structures and regulations that we, as players, are familiar with; a player can \u201cleave\u201d the game should something go wrong; the game happens in episodes, like ordinary interactions; and players understand basic shared rules and strategies. As in a game, too, there are winning outcomes, and losing ones. By closely studying gender, Garfinkel thought that we might see the ways in which our experiences of gender are routines rooted in our daily interactions.<\/p>\n

Though the case study itself is generically unexceptional, Agnes\u2019s story wasn\u2019t. What\u2019s often been sensationalized is that she wasn\u2019t, truly, intersex, as she\u2019d initially claimed. In October 1966, several years after gaining access to surgery, Agnes returned to Dr. Stoller and admitted that she\u2019d been self-administering estrogen tablets since age twelve. Miffed, to say the least, Stoller described the shock of learning of Agnes\u2019s history:<\/p>\n

After having kept it from me for eight years, with the greatest casualness, in mid-sentence, and without giving the slightest warning it was coming, she revealed that she had never had a biological defect that had feminized her but that she has been taking estrogens since age 12 \u2026 She now revealed that just as puberty began, at the time her voice started to lower and she developed pubic hair, she began stealing Stilbestrol from her mother, who was taking it on prescription following a panhysterectomy.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Agnes\u2019s revelation was undoubtedly a professional blow; Stoller would have to recant the findings he\u2019d presented, years before, on her case. Stoller\u2019s reaction, too, reveals him to be something of a sore loser, upset that Agnes had manipulated the system to meet her needs. But the doctors and Agnes were simply playing different games. Stoller and Garfinkel were trying to work out an ethnomethodological approach to passing; Agnes was trying to access corrective surgery.<\/p>\n

The stakes of Agnes\u2019s case are thrown into relief in Framing Agnes<\/em>, a 2018 documentary short by Chase Joynt and Kristen Schilt that premieres this month at the Tribeca Film Festival. Joynt and Schilt reframe Agnes\u2019s medicalized case history in the service of evoking her agency, however limited it may have been. After Garfinkel\u2019s death in 2011, Joynt and Schilt catalogued and organized his archive. They found not only Agnes\u2019s case file but those of eight other gender nonconforming people as well. Though it\u2019s unclear precisely why none of these eight ever made it into Garfinkel\u2019s published writing, Julian Gill-Peterson suggests, in Histories of the Transgender Child<\/em>, that Agnes\u2019s middle-class, white background made her a more palatable case study than the others for the scientific community at the time.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Garfinkel\u2019s tapes (from Framing Agnes<\/em>)<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Framing Agnes<\/em> cuts between reenactments of Agnes\u2019s case\u2014and the cases of several other gender nonconforming people, which Garfinkel never published\u2014and interviews with the contemporary trans actors who play them. The actors\u2019 own stories and experiences blend with the historical narratives they reanimate, creating a beautifully haunting dialogue. For over sixty years these case histories were lost and Agnes\u2019s voice neutralized and subsumed by Garfinkel\u2019s professed scientific objectivity. But in this documentary, the contemporary actors\u2014Angelica Ross, Silas Howard, Max Wolf Valerio, Zackary Drucker, and Joynt\u2014are given the final say. And they have a good deal to teach us.<\/p>\n

The twinning of trans experiences five decades apart is profound. In one of the first scenes of the film, Drucker is having her makeup done as she listens to an archival tape of Agnes speaking. Drucker imitates Agnes, catching the same guarded hesitancy, the same self-conscious lilt. Drucker remarks that it is clear that \u201cthis person was just in a straitjacket, and the straitjacket was the culture around them.\u201d The splicing shows less a chronology than an inseparable collation of trans experience: we weave through Agnes\u2019s youth, to her experience of high school, to Drucker\u2019s youth and her high school experiences, and then back again. We see what\u2019s changed and what hasn\u2019t. Where Agnes is guarded, intent on saying the right thing, Drucker is not.<\/p>\n

This call-and-response, the strange, projective, and belated temporality of voicing Agnes and the several other people in the case histories\u2014the way Drucker answers Agnes with her own voice\u2014reminded me of a strange moment in Garfinkel\u2019s case. He describes his frustration when Agnes<\/p>\n

permitted the environment to furnish her the answers to its own questions. I came to think of it as the practice of \u201canticipatory following.\u201d This occurred, I regret to say, with disconcerting frequency in my conversations with her. When I read over the transcripts, and listened again to the taped interviews while preparing this paper, I was appalled by the number of occasions on which I was unable to decide whether Agnes was answering my questions or whether she had learned from my questions, and more importantly from more subtle cues both prior to and after the questions, what answers would do.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

We might read Garfinkel\u2019s disconcertion as being primarily about the way Agnes plays the game\u2014he thinks he might be getting played; he doesn\u2019t trust the moves she\u2019s making. Of course, Garfinkel is right that Agnes is two moves ahead of him. He thought she was passing as female, for the broader world, when really she was passing as intersex, for him. And because Garfinkel doesn\u2019t understand the stakes, he\u2019s able to offer no theory as to why Agnes\u2019s move might be this \u201canticipatory following.\u201d In the documentary, Joynt notes how remarkable Agnes\u2019s ability is \u201cto somehow get information from him that she needs in order to take the next step.\u201d<\/p>\n

Access to information, more than gender, turns out to be the site of anxiety in the case studies and in the documentary. In his article, Garfinkel describes a paradox as Agnes must already embody the \u201cfemale\u201d behaviors and responses that she was also still learning:<\/p>\n

They had to be learned in situations in which she was treated by others as knowing them in the first place as a matter of course. They had to be learned in situations in which she was not able to indicate that she was learning them. They had to be learned by participating in situations where she was expected to know the very things that she was simultaneously being taught.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Or this: \u201cYou are very smart,\u201d Joynt, playing Dr. Garfinkel, says to Agnes, not without a dopey smugness. \u201cWell, I suppose there\u2019s a difference between being smart and having all of the information,\u201d Agnes replies. Her response cuts two ways. On its surface, it\u2019s what Garfinkel believes to be true: as smart as Agnes is, she doesn\u2019t have all the information. But the truth is, neither does he.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Framing Agnes will premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival this weekend.<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

RL Goldberg is a Ph.D. candidate in English and humanistic studies at Princeton University.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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