{"id":133155,"date":"2019-01-30T12:30:35","date_gmt":"2019-01-30T17:30:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=133155"},"modified":"2019-01-30T11:15:39","modified_gmt":"2019-01-30T16:15:39","slug":"element-of-sacrifice-an-interview-with-maurice-carlos-ruffin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2019\/01\/30\/element-of-sacrifice-an-interview-with-maurice-carlos-ruffin\/","title":{"rendered":"Element of Sacrifice: An Interview with Maurice Carlos Ruffin"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>

Maurice Carlos Ruffin. Photo: Clare Welsh.<\/p><\/div>\n

Maurice Carlos Ruffin\u2019s debut novel,\u00a0<\/em>We Cast a Shadow,<\/em> is narrated by an unnamed black father who is desperate to protect his mixed-race son from white supremacy. His solution is to erase his son\u2019s blackness. He applies whitening cream on the boy\u2019s skin to burn out birthmarks, causing young Nigel to double over in pain. In the father\u2019s mind, the son\u2019s birthmarks are spreading, and his attempts to erase his son\u2019s identity become increasingly frantic.<\/em><\/p>\n

I grab his shoulder and spin him around. The dark medallion of skin on his tummy is bigger. Nigel\u2019s other blemishes cover his body. The greatest concentration of marks: belly and back. A dark asterism. Some flaws approach the size and complexity of the stigma on his face \u2026 My fear is that these islands will merge to form a continent.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The boy\u2019s white mother is vehemently against the treatments, and so they remain a secret between father and son. Almost everything the narrator does\u2014his aspirations in the powerful, mostly white law firm where he works, his deception of his wife\u2014is done in the hope of providing a better life for his son. At the firm, in order to get a promotion, he engages in disingenuous outreach to people of color, selling out his community while civil unrest in the city intensifies. At times the reader might despise the narrator, but Ruffin deftly reminds us that the real culprit is white supremacy.<\/em><\/p>\n

The world is a centrifuge that patiently waits to separate my Nigel from his basic human dignity. I don\u2019t have to tell you that this is an unjust planet \u2026 A dark-skinned child can expect a life of diminished light. This is the truth anywhere in the world and throughout most of history.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ruffin and I are friends whose paths sometimes cross in New Orleans. About once a year, we attend an odd expo event together on the city\u2019s outskirts. Last summer we attended the National Preppers and Survivalist Expo, which was a convention room filled with mostly white men preparing for what they thought might be the next civil war.<\/em><\/p>\n

More recently, we went to the New Orleans Oddities and Curiosities Expo, where the tiny bones of animals were arranged into art. A couple weeks later, we met for lunch at a popular Mid-City restaurant called Juan\u2019s Flying Burrito and discussed the inspiration for his complex narrator.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n

What initially feels like a father\u2019s protective love escalates into something much more sinister. The narrator is given several opportunities to reflect on his behavior, but can\u2019t seem to see himself clearly.<\/p>\n

RUFFIN<\/p>\n

Definitely. The narrator\u2019s primary identity is a father. I\u2019m not a parent myself, but I think to be a parent is to be a zealot\u2014somebody who has entered the religion of fatherhood and motherhood. Being religious means that you\u2019re going to follow those tenets to their logical conclusion, and almost every major religion has an element of sacrifice. The narrator\u2019s mother is against his behavior, his wife is against it\u2014so every time he has to overcome an obstacle, he has to overcome it on behalf of Nigel and on behalf of being a good father. He learns how to be more and more extreme. I toyed with the idea of naming the book \u201cNigel,\u201d because in the same way that in Lolita<\/em>\u00a0Humbert Humbert\u2019s quest is really all about Lolita, in this book the narrator\u2019s quest is really about Nigel.<\/p>\n

INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n

The narrator seems more concerned with being a father than with any other aspect of his own identity. Penny, his wife, is concerned with identity. Nigel is concerned with identity. The father seems to be rejecting identity in the hope of erasing it.<\/p>\n

RUFFIN<\/p>\n

That really is one of the big issues with white supremacy and racism. The narrator understands that everything that stands in the way of his son having a good life is connected to race, racism, white supremacy, but he\u2019s not an ideologue. He really wants to be this person who is \u201cnonracial,\u201d but he knows it\u2019s impossible. He wants it to be a nonissue and he wants that to be the reality for his son.<\/p>\n

INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n

For me, as a white guy, I initially found myself disgusted with the narrator\u2019s behavior. At first, that disgust was focused solely on the narrator, and then I realized that I wasn\u2019t taking responsibility for my own role in the white supremacy that sets the conditions for his madness. This is part of the reason why I think this book is so important. It showed me my own weakness, and my own false judgment.<\/p>\n

RUFFIN<\/p>\n

The narrator is definitely a product of his environment. A lot of what\u2019s going on in the book is just like present-day America\u2014the protests, the violence, slavery, facial reconstruction. You can find all of that in the world today.<\/p>\n

INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n

Your book is often described as satire. But the narrator\u2019s more extreme actions\u2014like using whitening cream and facial reconstruction\u2014have been common enough practice for years. What exactly about the book is satire?<\/p>\n

RUFFIN<\/p>\n

I think it\u2019s about the level of awareness of the person interacting with the book. This narrator taught me a lot about America and white supremacy. Sometimes we\u2019re sleepwalking through life. A lot of my white friends tell me they keep becoming more and more aware of what\u2019s going on as they see more and more things in the news. You can go your entire life and not see a photo of a black person being lynched. But black people have always been very aware. Somebody I love and respect said they weren\u2019t sure the whole skin-cream thing was realistic, but I was in New York in a Duane Reade and the product was right there on the shelf.<\/p>\n

INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n

We haven\u2019t come as far as we think we have.<\/p>\n

RUFFIN<\/p>\n

Not at all. It\u2019s one of the reasons why I set the book in the future. Really what I\u2019ve seen is it\u2019s a sort of undulation, a sort of up and down. We had slavery, now we have mass incarceration.<\/p>\n

INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n

And if you\u2019re paying attention you can see that we\u2019re not that far from slipping back into the 1930s or worse.<\/p>\n

RUFFIN<\/p>\n

We\u2019re never far away from it. The thing is, I believe that America is the greatest country on earth, yet we always have multiple layers of injustice that are operating at any given time. When I was writing this book in 2012, President Obama was constantly shipping immigrants out of the country. Now it\u2019s to the point of taking kids from their parents\u2014and for half of America that\u2019s still no big deal.<\/p>\n

INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n

Do you remember when we went to the survivalist expo? I remember I invited you because I thought your book was a story about surviving. But then we got there and I thought, What are we doing here? Maurice is going to think I\u2019m an asshole. The expo felt like it was code for something else, like a lot of the people there were probably in a white nationalist militia. If anything, it made it clear to me how many people like that are out there. I was sort of frozen and couldn\u2019t talk to anybody. But you didn\u2019t seem uncomfortable.<\/p>\n

RUFFIN<\/p>\n

That\u2019s because you got to go as yourself. You\u2019d be hard-pressed to find a black person who doesn\u2019t have to deal with racists every single day. Look, I\u2019m a black man living in the South, which means every day I\u2019ll probably see a truck with a Confederate flag bumper sticker. Militias have always been an arm of white supremacy. But yeah, seeing that survivalist expo was like being on the inside of something I would never have seen otherwise. They weren\u2019t standing around saying, Why are you here, black guy? Which honestly always surprises me. I saw Spike Lee\u2019s new film and there\u2019s a black guy whose job is to be David Duke\u2019s bodyguard, and I\u2019m thinking, Oh my god, he can\u2019t be in the same space as David Duke and the entire Klan of Colorado, but those white supremacists are like, Well, it\u2019s his job to guard, as long as he doesn\u2019t get too uppity, we\u2019ll accept him. And that\u2019s kind of how it works. If I had gone into the expo with an Obama shirt, they would have responded to me differently. And part of that is switching my identity\u2014every black person does that, in some form, every day.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s almost as if every black person walks around America with a fence around their body. It separates us from polite society. That\u2019s why radical black activists tend to be poor. They end up in an economic cul-de-sac. You can\u2019t trade, you can\u2019t find a decent job, you can\u2019t improve your skills, you can\u2019t bring in funds.<\/p>\n

INTERVIEWER<\/p>\n

Whereas if you\u2019re a white activist, you can work at Patagonia or something.<\/p>\n

RUFFIN<\/p>\n

Yes, indeed. If you\u2019re black, you have to assimilate. Code-switch or identity shift. That\u2019s what the narrator of the book excels at.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Peyton Burgess <\/a>is the author of <\/em>The Fry Pans Aren\u2019t Sufficing.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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