{"id":121181,"date":"2018-02-05T09:00:21","date_gmt":"2018-02-05T14:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=121181"},"modified":"2018-02-05T16:14:32","modified_gmt":"2018-02-05T21:14:32","slug":"death-feminism-nutshell","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2018\/02\/05\/death-feminism-nutshell\/","title":{"rendered":"Death and Feminism in a Nutshell"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/a>

Frances Lee Glessner, Kitchen (room from afar)<\/em>.\u00a0From The Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death.<\/em>\u00a0Photo by Corinne May Botz. (Courtesy of Benrubi Gallery and Monacelli Press.)<\/p><\/div>\n

Homicide. Suicide by hanging. A great deal of drinking, mainly of whiskey, mainly by men. Blood pooled on the floor. Chairs overturned. Many weapons: guns and knives and ropes. Burned Cabin<\/em>, where a burned skeleton is barely visible, Dark Bathroom<\/em>, which contains a dead woman in a bathtub beside an empty liquor bottle, and Unpapered Bedroom<\/em>, in a boarding house where an unknown woman has been found dead.<\/p>\n

In Frances Glessner Lee\u2019s dioramas, the world is harsh and dark and dangerous to women. \u201cThe Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death,\u201d her series of nineteen models from the fifties, are all crime scenes. Glessner Lee built the dioramas, she said, \u201cto convict the guilty, clear the innocent, and find the truth in a nutshell.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Glessner Lee with her nutshell diorama Dark Bathroom<\/em>. Image courtesy Glessner House Museum, Chicago, Illinois.<\/p><\/div>\n

The word nutshell<\/em> might strike us as childish, cute, even sweet. Indeed, the dioramas are rendered exactly on the\u00a0one-to-twelve scale of traditional dollhouses. Inside the dioramas, along with the weapons and bodies, are round crocheted rugs and neatly set kitchen tables with tiny flowered plates and coffee cups. And like the Nuremberg kitchens from seventeenth-century Europe, miniature houses designed to show affluent young girls how to run a household, Lee\u2019s dioramas also had a pedagogical purpose: they were used to train police officers and detectives.<\/p>\n

Yet there is nothing traditional about Frances Glessner Lee or her work. Her dioramas are deeply subversive, and they are ideal viewing for our current moment.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Glessner Lee at work on the nutshells in the early forties. Image courtesy Glessner House Museum, Chicago, Illinois.<\/p><\/div>\n

Most of the dead in Frances Glessner Lee\u2019s models are women killed in their own homes. (Seventeen of the nineteen dioramas are set in homes, and eleven depict dead women.) Women fallen down stairs. Women with rope burns on their necks. Women murdered in the act of packing to leave, dresser drawers and suitcases splayed open to reveal miniature clothes.<\/p>\n

Although I have spent several years researching and writing a book on dollhouses and miniatures, I never expected to see the nutshells unless I began a new career in law enforcement. The dioramas are generally kept in Baltimore at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner.<\/p>\n

But this fall, the first public exhibition<\/a> of Glessner Lee\u2019s work, \u201cMurder Is Her Hobby,\u201d took place at the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum. On my several visits, I stood in crowds of people, in the dark, sharing small flashlights\u2014one provided for each diorama. Everyone was trying to solve the crimes. The gallery buzzed with voices. A sign noted, PHOTOGRAPHY ENCOURAGED<\/small>. The first time I visited, as I scribbled in my notebook at the entrance, a woman beside me whispered to her friend, \u201cWhere\u2019s your paper to write down the clues like her?\u201d<\/p>\n

Frances Glessner Lee began designing and building the dioramas when she was sixty-five and worked on the project for ten years. Her life (1878\u20131962) spanned two world wars, women finally getting the right to vote, and the beginnings of second-wave feminism. Corinne May Botz, the artist and author of the first and only scholarly book about Glessner Lee, the gorgeously photographed and beautifully written\u00a0The Nutshell\u00a0Studies of Unexplained Death <\/em><\/a>(2004), gives a feminist reading of Glessner Lee\u2019s dioramas.\u00a0Botz explained to me that \u201cLee was able to\u00a0redefine her own role in society late in life. The nutshell studies\u00a0gave her a voice in the world and\u00a0allowed her to advance in the male-dominated field of\u00a0crime-scene investigation. The nutshells can be viewed as precursors to the women\u2019s movement because they depict the isolation of women in the home and expose the violence that originates and is enacted there.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Parsonage<\/em>.<\/p><\/div>\n

As is the case with so many women involved in miniatures in the early and mid twentieth century, Glessner Lee\u2019s husband apparently did not like her miniature work. As one article<\/a> attests, \u201cThe couple had three children and at first appeared happy, but Glessner Lee eventually received a divorce. Their son attributed the failed marriage partly to her \u2018<\/i>creative urge coupled with high manual dexterity\u2014the desire to make things\u2014which [Lee] did not share.\u2019\u201d Again and again, I\u2019ve seen, in my research on female miniature artists, a disapproving husband often tries to thwart a wife\u2019s career in miniatures.<\/p>\n

In addition, as I\u2019ve found in all the writing about the most prominent American miniaturists of the twentieth century (Narcissa Thorne, Colleen Moore, Florine and Ettie Stettheimer), most pieces about Glessner Lee emphasize her upper-class background. Her wealth afforded her the time to make the dioramas, and she later endowed the Department of Legal Medicine at Harvard, but her status as an affluent woman also leads to an odd kind of judgment about her. A recent New York Times<\/em> review<\/a> of the Renwick Gallery show\u00a0<\/strong>refers to her as a \u201crich, frustrated woman.\u201d<\/p>\n

Much is also made of her lack of education. Glessner Lee\u2019s brother had been sent to Harvard, but she did not attend college. This did not stop her from inventing an entirely new teaching tool for police investigation. In 1942, Glessner Lee was named a captain in the New Hampshire State Police force, with no formal forensic training. In a letter quoted in Corinne May Botz\u2019s book, Glessner Lee explains her interest in constructing the dioramas and her fascination with the field of legal medicine. \u201cWhen an opportunity came to me to start something new in the medical line. I was delighted to take it on. As a girl, I was deeply interested in medicine and nursing and would have enjoyed taking training in either one.\u201d She was a mother and a grandmother\u2014in fact, in much of the writing about her dioramas, her status as a grandmother is insisted upon, as if grandmothers should not have anything to do with murder and violence, should not invent and build models of crime scenes.<\/p>\n

To me, her being a grandmother\u2014and a mother and a daughter and a sister and a wife and a woman living in the world\u2014gives her all the authority she will ever need to depict violence against women. Although it was made in the fifties, Glessner Lee\u2019s work feels decidedly\u2014and disturbingly\u2014contemporary.<\/p>\n

Part of this is due to the dolls in her dioramas. The inclusion of bodies in a miniature scene is a radical choice. While most twentieth-century and contemporary miniature artists keep their scenes deliberately empty, Glessner Lee puts the body at the center. The dead women, six inches tall, lie in the bathtub, on the steps, on the floor, in their beds. Always, it is the female body that is at the center.<\/p>\n

This is what strikes me as the most contemporary and urgent element of the dioramas. Frances Glessner Lee is telling us that women\u2019s bodies are in danger, over and over.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Attic.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

In the diorama titled Kitchen<\/em>, a woman lies on the floor, face up, next to a refrigerator, which is open. A metal ice-cube tray is beside her face. In the background, a pie is halfway out of the oven. Potatoes are partially peeled in the sink. A knife rests on a stack of linens. An iron waits on a wooden ironing board. The question is: Which of the domestic objects in this scene has been used to kill the woman?<\/p>\n

Attic<\/em> asks us to consider both suicide and murder. An elderly woman is dead by hanging, an overturned chair below her body. Her eyes are painted open; her face might be bruised. On her feet are tiny darned socks, one shoe slipping off. Packets of opened letters and a series of odd objects surround her, including a china doll and a gramophone. Did she kill herself? Or did someone stage this woman\u2019s death? And why?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Attic (letters)<\/em>.\u00a0\u00a0From The Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death.<\/em>\u00a0Photo by Corinne May Botz. (Courtesy of Benrubi Gallery and Monacelli Press.)<\/p><\/div>\n

In Three Room Dwelling<\/em>, the largest of the dioramas, an entire family is dead. The viewer looks down at the scene of a roofless house to find a husband face down on the floor, a wife dead in her bed, and a baby with a bloody face dead in a white crib. The floor of each room is splotched with blood. A rifle lies on the kitchen tiles. The table is set for breakfast and includes a high chair. Did an intruder kill the family? Did the husband murder everyone, then kill himself?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Three Room Dwelling<\/em>.<\/p><\/div>\n

When the show at the Smithsonian closes, the nutshells will return to Baltimore. They are still used to instruct homicide detectives. In the past few years, several women have produced new work about Glessner Lee and the nutshell series, from Carol Guess\u2019s poetry collection Doll Studies: Forensics<\/em> to the play in progress, Nutshell,<\/em> by C. Denby Swanson, to Susan Marks\u2019s 2017 film Murder in a Nutshell: The Frances Glessner Lee<\/em> Story.<\/em><\/p>\n

Glessner Lee\u2019s work lives on. The dioramas could be teaching tools for all of us. As Corinne May Botz told me, \u201cJust like in the models, in the U.S., women are much more likely to be killed by intimate partners than by strangers. The grim reality is that the world is full of violence. The models are a reminder that domestic space can be safe as well as terrifying.\u201d<\/p>\n

It was not lost on me that I saw Frances Glessner Lee\u2019s work\u2014and the bodies of all these women and the gendered violence she makes explicit\u2014at a gallery just across the street from the White House.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nicole Cooley<\/a> is the author of seven books of poems and is currently\u00a0completing a nonfiction work titled\u00a0<\/em>My Dollhouse, Myself: Miniature Histories. She is the director of the MFA program\u00a0at Queens College-CUNY.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Homicide. Suicide by hanging. A great deal of drinking, mainly of whiskey, mainly by men. Blood pooled on the floor. Chairs overturned. Many weapons: guns and knives and ropes. Burned Cabin, where a burned skeleton is barely visible, Dark Bathroom, which contains a dead woman in a bathtub beside an empty liquor bottle, and Unpapered […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1386,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[419],"tags":[19193,14016,32819,14246,32820,32818,32816,32815,32821,32822,32817],"class_list":["post-121181","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arts-culture","tag-colleen-moore","tag-corinne-may-botz","tag-florine-and-ettie-stettheimer","tag-frances-glessner-lee","tag-murder-is-her-hobby","tag-narcissa-thorne","tag-nutshell-series-of-unexplained-death","tag-nutshells","tag-renwick-gallery","tag-smithsonian-american-art-museum","tag-smithsonian-museum"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDeath and Feminism in a Nutshell<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In the fifties, Frances Glessner Lee created a series of tiny subversive crime scenes that are still used today as a training tool for police.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2018\/02\/05\/death-feminism-nutshell\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Death and Feminism in a Nutshell by Nicole Cooley\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"February 5, 2018 \u2013 Homicide. 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