{"id":119710,"date":"2017-12-22T10:00:56","date_gmt":"2017-12-22T15:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=119710"},"modified":"2017-12-22T10:56:09","modified_gmt":"2017-12-22T15:56:09","slug":"advice-new-years-resolutions-kierkegaard-nietzsche","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2017\/12\/22\/advice-new-years-resolutions-kierkegaard-nietzsche\/","title":{"rendered":"Advice on New Year\u2019s Resolutions from Kierkegaard and Nietzsche"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

It will soon be that time of year where many of us set ourselves up for failure. Make a resolution or don\u2019t make a resolution; you will regret either. Or so the Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard might quip. One estimate<\/a> suggests that almost half of Americans make New Year\u2019s resolutions, and yet less than 10 percent successfully follow through. Maybe we forget about them long before our snow boots dry out. Maybe life takes us on a different path. Maybe we stop caring. Maybe we simply fail. It might be tempting to do away with this farce altogether, but before we commit to being noncommittal about the New Year, it\u2019s worth thinking through some of the options.<\/p>\n

The tradition of making New Year\u2019s resolutions is at least\u00a0four thousand years old. The ancient Babylonians celebrated their new year\u2014the rebirth of the sun god Marduk\u2014in spring, to coincide with barley-sowing season. Akitu<\/a> was a twelve-day festival in which the king would promise to fulfill an extensive list of duties. To seal the king\u2019s commitment, the high priest would slap him hard\u00a0across the face. The slap had to be firm enough to draw tears: proof of the king\u2019s dedication and a reminder to him to be humble. As part of the festival, other people<\/a> also pledged their allegiance to the king and the gods and promised to repay their debts.<\/p>\n

It may be tempting to overthrow this ancient tradition, to make no resolutions, and to go along with the flow of life like a carefree leaf on the surface of a happily bubbling stream. But Kierkegaard would argue that such a metaphor is deceptive: we would be\u00a0akin to a stone hurled across the surface of the water, which \u201cskips lightly for a time, but as soon as it stops skipping, instantly sinks down into the depths.\u201d Without commitments, we risk disappearing into the existential abyss. A life that lacks purpose creates anxiety. A meaningful life, Kierkegaard suggests, is one in which we actively assert ourselves in order to live more fully.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s all well and good to make promises, but there\u2019s still the challenge of keeping them. Friedrich Nietzsche suggests that what differentiates humans from other creatures is that we have \u201cthe right to make promises.\u201d\u00a0Making promises addresses a fundamental aspect of our humanity: that each of us is and<\/em> is not the person we will become in the future. This is confusing, so let\u2019s get concrete: Are you the same person you will be next year? Well, not exactly. Gray hair may sprout, wrinkles may emerge, your voice may deepen and thicken, your joints begin to ache. Your physical characteristics will objectively change, even if minutely. Your emotional and psychological identity may also shift; you might get a new job or a new partner, a new hobby or a new therapist. A promise is a way of laying claim to an uncertain future. It is a way of projecting oneself into the coming months, protecting a commitment that may be impossible to keep. It is also a means of guarding or binding one\u2019s identity\u2014the I<\/em>\u00a0in I<\/em> promise<\/em>. Why does a nonhuman animal not make promises? Most don\u2019t have a conception of themselves as individuals or a vested sense of identity. Yes, some animals may experience guilt, but guilt is not the same as the shame of breaking a longstanding promise. Nietzsche\u2019s suggestion is that we ought to keep making resolutions\u2014heartfelt, honest-to-God promises\u2014lest we devolve into an animal-like state.<\/p>\n

Nietzsche does not say, however, that we must\u00a0keep our\u00a0resolutions. Sometimes, many times, the cost is simply too high. To fulfill all promises unconditionally may be unwise, if not pig-headed and arrogant. For example, perhaps you committed to shedding a few pounds, but it turns out that your blood sugar plummets every time you go for more than two hours without a snack and you\u2019re constantly on the verge of passing out. So that wasn\u2019t a great resolution after all. Or you resolved not to go on any new dates and to focus on your career, but every morning you bump into the same lovely person at your favorite caf\u00e9. With new information, you just might need to leave some commitments behind. There\u2019s no reason to feel guilty about that. The Romantic view of the self is that there\u2019s no need to feel enslaved to an idea of ourselves that we wanted in the past. The self is forever in flux, changing, growing. The Romantic self is one that is ready to annihilate itself over and over again. As Nietzsche\u2019s most famous protagonist Zarathustra says, \u201cYou must be ready to burn yourself in your own flame: how could you become new, if you had not first become ashes?\u201d<\/p>\n

For an existentialist an unwillingness to \u201cburn yourself in your own flame,\u201d to overcome or break a promise, can be a sign of \u201cbad faith.\u201d \u201cBad faith\u201d is a situation in which you disavow the immediate free will that is always at your disposal. Bad faith is \u201cbad\u201d because it denies the hard, metaphysical core of being human\u2014radical freedom. Radical freedom means we are radically responsible both for keeping and for transgressing promises. The fragility of our promises is what makes them meaningful.<\/p>\n

So go ahead: make your resolutions. You have the right to make promises. And you have the right to break them. But you don\u2019t have to make them during an evening of late-night drunkenness. That is what the rest of your sober life is for.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

John<\/span>\u00a0Kaag<\/span><\/span>\u00a0is the author of\u00a0<\/em>American Philosophy: A Love Story, which\u00a0was published in paperback earlier this year, and\u00a0<\/em>Hiking with Nietzsche,\u00a0which will be published\u00a0in 2018.<\/em><\/p>\n

Skye C. Cleary is the author of <\/em>Existentialism and Romantic Love\u00a0and teaches at Columbia University, Barnard College, and the City College of New York.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  It will soon be that time of year where many of us set ourselves up for failure. Make a resolution or don\u2019t make a resolution; you will regret either. Or so the Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard might quip. One estimate suggests that almost half of Americans make New Year\u2019s resolutions, and yet less than […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1346,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[419],"tags":[32325,9288,5476,24988,32324],"class_list":["post-119710","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arts-culture","tag-bad-faith","tag-friedrich-nietzsche","tag-new-years-resolutions","tag-soren-kierkegaard","tag-zarathustra"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAdvice on New Year's Resolutions from Kierkegaard and Nietzsche<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Zarathustra says, \u201cYou must be ready to burn yourself in your own flame: how could you become new, if you had not first become ashes?\u201d\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2017\/12\/22\/advice-new-years-resolutions-kierkegaard-nietzsche\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Advice on New Year\u2019s Resolutions from Kierkegaard and Nietzsche by John Kaag and Skye C. 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