{"id":117964,"date":"2017-11-13T11:00:41","date_gmt":"2017-11-13T16:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=117964"},"modified":"2017-11-14T13:41:54","modified_gmt":"2017-11-14T18:41:54","slug":"eternal-friendship-unlikely-cold-war-connection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2017\/11\/13\/eternal-friendship-unlikely-cold-war-connection\/","title":{"rendered":"Eternal Friendship: An Unlikely Cold War Connection"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Excerpt from Anouck Durand: Eternal Friendship<\/em> (Siglio Press, 2017). All rights reserved.<\/p><\/div>\n

French artist-writer\u00a0Anouk\u00a0Durand’s photo-novel, <\/em>Eternal Friendship<\/a>, is\u00a0<\/em>collaged from photographic archives, personal letters and propaganda magazines interspersed with text. It tells the true story of a friendship between two photographers forged in the crucible of war. It begins in Albania during World War II, stops in China during the Cold War, and ends in Israel as Communism is crumbling.\u00a0<\/em>Below, we have reprinted\u00a0Eliot Weinberger’s introduction, followed by a short excerpt from the book.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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The Albanian language has a tense for surprise. That is, the verb-ending changes if one says \u201cYou speak Albanian\u201d or \u201cYou speak Albanian!\u201d The physical landscape of the country is punctuated with periods: 200,000 tiny dome-shaped concrete bunkers, scattered everywhere, meant to hold one or two snipers each, and built by Enver Hoxha in the delusion that it would repel an imagined Soviet invasion. But, even more, the psychic landscape is a forest of exclamation marks entangled with question marks: surprise and bewilderment.<\/p>\n

Albanian did not have its own written language until the 20th century, and 95% of the women couldn\u2019t read it. Fishermen on the coast, farmers in the hills, shepherds in the mountains, the blood feuds of continually warring clans: Albania was always an agricultural colony or the backwater of an empire or occupied territory on the way to somewhere else for the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines, the Italo-Normans, the Serbs, the Venetians, the Bulgarians, the Ottomans, the Italian Fascists, the Nazis. In its first years after World War II, the new People\u2019s Republic of Albania under Hoxha\u2014who was prime minister, defense minister, foreign minister, and the commander-in-chief of the army\u2014became a client state of Tito\u2019s Yugoslavia. Breaking with Yugoslavia, it became a client state of Stalin\u2019s Soviet Union, copying the Stalinist economic system of state enterprise and collectivized farming and the Stalinist political system of mass imprisonments and executions. The penalization of \u201cenemies of the people\u201d extended to their grandchildren.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Breaking with the Soviet Union over the \u201ctreacherous revisionism\u201d of Khrushchev\u2019s support for \u201cdifferent roads to socialism\u201d and his denunciation of Stalin\u2019s iniquities, it renounced the Warsaw Pact of Eastern European nations and became a client state of Mao\u2019s China, copying the Maoist Cultural Revolution with its own Cultural and Ideological Revolution, abolishing all mosques and churches, sending bureaucrats to the factories and the fields, suppressing \u201cforeign influences.\u201d Breaking with China after the treacherous revisionism that had allowed Nixon to visit Beijing, Albania became essentially alone in the world\u2014through Hoxha\u2019s death after a forty-year reign, through the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact nations\u2014until its People\u2019s Republic itself collapsed in 1992. Factories and collective farms were then abandoned, and capitalism brought its own treacheries, as most of the people lost most of their savings, caught up in the hysteria of a pyramid scheme. For years it survived on the money sent home by Albanians who, after the decades of strict national confinement, were now working abroad.<\/p>\n

In the Communist countries, photographic documentation was an essential tool of propaganda, for Marxist-Leninism considered itself scientific, and the assumed objectivity of photography was inextricable from the social realism, however glorified, it promoted in the arts and the supposed realism, however implacable, it enacted in daily life. But these photos were not only an unreal realist kitsch of happy workers in the factories and bountiful harvests and valiant soldiers: Reality and therefore its documentation were subject to continual revision in the struggles against revisionism. New-found enemies had to be cut out of negatives, events forgotten, archives destroyed. (It is one of the ironies of this book that the photos of China by one of the photographers survived only because he was in prison at the time the orders were given to burn them.) An authoritarian state depends not only on force, but on the absolute control of information, the creation of its own reality. (Whether this is still possible in the internet era, when even the democracies are dazed by the near-total democratization of information and pseudo-information, remains to be seen.)<\/p>\n

The New Society needed to reinvent every aspect of life, including things as seemingly neutral as the technology of photography. Thus, Albanian photographers were sent to China to learn the new Socialist tri-chrome printing method that would replace decadent capitalist Kodak film; they were given Chinese Red Flag cameras to dislodge dependency on their Western European models. Equally surprising, Albanian photo studios were shut down as a bourgeois indulgence, or used only for the inevitable purposes of identification documents. This is exactly opposite to the current taste for studio photographs from everywhere in the world, which sees them, within the strict genre of their poses, as unfiltered representations of the people, highborn and low, of a given culture. It is a People\u2019s Art, but its works are the aspirational images of individuals from the masses. In the People\u2019s Republic, there was only the masses, and the only permitted images of its people were those manipulated to serve the aspirations of the republic.<\/p>\n

World history tends to remember the hegemonies of the great powers, though the world itself is a more complex net of unlikely correspondences, one where Bollywood movies and Brazilian telenovelas<\/em> enter the dreams of far-flung villagers abroad, and one where\u2014in this book\u2014the Eternal Friendship of Albania and China oddly intersects with the personal friendship of two photographers, a Muslim who hid a Jew during the war, and who never met again.<\/p>\n

Small and largely ignored, Albania has a way of appearing in unexpected places. As the final state beacon of Stalinism, it still remains inspirational for the true believers of the Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party in Burkina Faso or the Group of Popular Combatants in Ecuador or the Communist Party of Labor in the Dominican Republic or the Communist Party of Togo. The Australian writer Lloyd Jones wrote a novel about Enver Hoxha\u2019s official double, which, since it was about Albania, was assumed to be non-fiction. In the U.S., one African-American poet, Amiri Baraka, wrote essays in praise of Hoxha; another, Will Alexander, has a long poem on his death:<\/p>\n

the expiring Enver Hoxha
\nprone
\nlike a skull on a slab of Marxist invectives
\nwith a glut of crushed worms slipping from his forehead
\n[. . .]
\nhis dictatorial mutterings
\nlike a spurt of unseasonable frog gills
\nlike a grotesque insecticidal frenzy calling out
\nfrom tormented histamine gardens<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

And the short-lived Eternal Friendship lingers on: A few years ago, on a boat trip around Hong Kong harbor during a poetry festival, the Chinese poets of a certain age serenaded the Albanian poet Luljeta Lleshanaku with stirring martial songs they still remembered from Albanian movies: During the Cultural Revolution, those were the only foreign films allowed to be shown. (Slightly earlier, in yet another unlikely correspondence, China mainly screened old Mexican movies, which were neither Soviet nor American, and cheap to rent. The Mexican film stars of the 1940s continue to have a nostalgic fandom on the mainland.) Albania officially erased most of the traces of the Eternal Friendship, but those traces remain not only in the neglected archives amazingly uncovered here, but in random memories. This book calls itself \u201csemi-fictional,\u201d but perhaps it\u2019s best considered as one of those memories, partially reconstructed.<\/p>\n

\u2013Eliot Weinberger<\/p>\n

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Excerpt from\u00a0Anouck Durand: Eternal Friendship<\/em>\u00a0(Siglio Press, 2017). All rights reserved.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Excerpt from Anouck Durand: Eternal Friendship<\/em> (Siglio Press, 2017). All rights reserved.<\/p><\/div>\n

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Excerpt from Anouck Durand: Eternal Friendship<\/em> (Siglio Press, 2017). All rights reserved.<\/p><\/div>\n

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Excerpt from Anouck Durand: Eternal Friendship<\/em> (Siglio Press, 2017). All rights reserved.<\/p><\/div>\n

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Excerpt from Anouck Durand: Eternal Friendship<\/em> (Siglio Press, 2017). All rights reserved.<\/p><\/div>\n

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Excerpt from Anouck Durand: Eternal Friendship<\/em> (Siglio Press, 2017). All rights reserved.<\/p><\/div>\n

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Excerpt from Anouck Durand: Eternal Friendship<\/em> (Siglio Press, 2017). All rights reserved.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Anouck Durand\u2019s work has been exhibited in the Museum Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce and the Kandinsky Library at Centre Georges Pompidou.\u00a0<\/em>Eternal<\/span> Friendship<\/span> (originally <\/em>Amiti\u00e9 \u00c9ternelle) was exhibited at the Arles Photography Festival in\u00a02014.\u00a0This is her first book in English.<\/em><\/p>\n

Eliot Weinberger\u00a0is the author of\u00a0more than a dozen books of poetry, essays, and criticism, including, most recently, <\/em>The\u00a0Ghosts of Birds\u00a0and the expanded edition of<\/em> Nineteen Ways of Looking at Wang Wei.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Excerpted from\u00a0<\/em>Anouck Durand: Eternal Friendship\u00a0by Anouck Durand. Copyright\u00a0\u00a9 2017. Reprinted with the permission of Siglio\u00a0Press. All rights reserved.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

French artist-writer\u00a0Anouk\u00a0Durand’s photo-novel, Eternal Friendship, is\u00a0collaged from photographic archives, personal letters and propaganda magazines interspersed with text. It tells the true story of a friendship between two photographers forged in the crucible of war. It begins in Albania during World War II, stops in China during the Cold War, and ends in Israel as Communism […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1305,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[419],"tags":[2274,31622,1815,9950,3156,11739,31626,31624,583,31623,31625,9910,6493,10588,534,13517,2021,9844],"class_list":["post-117964","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arts-culture","tag-albania","tag-anouck-durand","tag-china","tag-cold-war","tag-communism","tag-eliot-weinberger","tag-eternal-friendship","tag-hoxha","tag-israel","tag-italian-fascists","tag-khrushchev","tag-luljeta-lleshanaku","tag-mao","tag-nazis","tag-soviet-union","tag-stalin","tag-world-war-ii","tag-yugoslavia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEternal Friendship: An Unlikely Cold War Connection by Anouk Durand<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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