{"id":114978,"date":"2017-09-07T14:06:40","date_gmt":"2017-09-07T18:06:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/?p=114978"},"modified":"2017-09-07T16:29:37","modified_gmt":"2017-09-07T20:29:37","slug":"five-hundred-glass-negatives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2017\/09\/07\/five-hundred-glass-negatives\/","title":{"rendered":"Five Hundred Glass Negatives"},"content":{"rendered":"

On\u00a0the Bauhaus photographer\u00a0Lucia Moholy (1894\u20131989), who inspired Mary Jo Bang\u2019s latest collection, <\/em>A Doll for Throwing<\/a>. Next year, Germany will celebrate the centenary of the founding of the Bauhaus<\/a>,\u00a0a\u00a0school that stressed the unity of industrial design and all other arts. The celebration will include\u00a0Moholy\u2019s work.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Lucia Moholy, Self-portrait<\/em>, 1930. Bauhaus-Archiv Berlin \/ \u00a9 VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2016.<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

In 1915, twenty-one-year-old Lucia Schulz wrote in her journal that she could imagine herself using photography as \u201ca passive artist,\u201d recording everything from the best perspective, putting the film through the chemical processes she\u2019d learned, and adding to the image her sense of \u201chow the objects act on me.\u201d<\/p>\n

On her twenty-seventh birthday, at the Registry Office in Charlottenburg, a borough of Berlin, she married the Hungarian Constructivist painter L\u00e1szlo Moholy-Nagy and became, in the blink of a bureaucratic instant, Lucia Moholy. A few years later, when Moholy-Nagy was recruited to teach as a master at the Bauhaus school, Lucia went with him\u2014she, her camera, her technical skills, and her knowledge of the darkroom.<\/p>\n

The Bauhaus, a school established in 1919 by the architect Walter Gropius, would eventually become an influential international design movement. The clean sculptural lines of its buildings, the bent steel and leather Bauer chairs, Marianne Brandt\u2019s elegant globe-and-square tea sets would come to represent a break with the preindustrial past. The look itself would become a signifier of urban modernity and of modern life. When Lucia arrived at the Bauhaus, she became, at Gropius\u2019s invitation, the de facto Bauhaus photographer, albeit unpaid. The glass negatives would remain hers, however, presumably to do with as she wished.\u00a0<\/p>\n

The iconic photographs of the newly built Bauhaus buildings in Dessau were taken by her, as were the photographs of the \u201cnew models of up-to-date products\u201d that came out of the workshops in both Weimar and in Dessau. Her photographs, as well as the objects they document, embody the \u201cform follows function\u201d philosophy that gave rise to the school. She framed the objects in a manner that suggests that if there ever was a fussier ornamental past, it had disappeared; now there is only the sleek new. Years later, she would write one of the first popular books about photographic history, A Hundred Years of Photography<\/em>; of that Neue Sachlichkeit <\/em>(or\u00a0\u201cNew Objectivity\u201d) moment, she would say,<\/p>\n

This was the beginning of a counter movement: photographers, after having been made over-conscious of tone values and balance, began to be more object-conscious than ever before. The object in the picture became self-assertive; and so did the details of the object. Nothing was without significance. The minuteness of detail became essential \u2026 It was the beginning of modern object photography, sometimes called \u201cstraight\u201d photography.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In addition to those documentary photographs, she and Moholy-Nagy experimented with making photograms of objects arranged on light-sensitive \u201cdaylight\u201d paper, a process that didn\u2019t require expensive darkroom equipment. While he taught, she worked for a local photographer and enrolled as a student at the Akademie f\u00fcr Graphische K\u00fcnste und Buchgewerbe in Leipzig. In Marginal Notes: Documentary Absurdities<\/em>, she writes, \u201cWe each of us followed a separate routine during the day, and in the evening continued our experiments with renewed zeal \u2026 Through all those years we had kept quiet about the extent and manner of our collaboration. How then should friends and colleagues have realized the exact circumstances? Any attempt to sort out, in retrospect, the share owing to the one or the other of the participants or to the two together would be utterly futile.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Coffee and Tea Set<\/i>, 1924. Design by Marianne Brandt. Bauhaus-Archiv Berlin \/ \u00a9 VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2016.<\/p><\/div>\n

When photographed objects are removed from a larger context, the photographer herself tends to disappear. Having grown used to seeing the kind of product shots that were so new then, Moholy\u2019s photographs now read as forensic evidence of a radical moment in design and architectural history. The photograms, on the other hand, suggest an innovative authorial presence and a signature way of making art. It is much debated whether the photograms by Man Ray (Rayograms) predated or followed those by Moholy and Moholy-Nagy. Today, only her former husband\u2019s name is associated with the photograms, even though she introduced him to photography and participated in the making of them.<\/p>\n

A photograph is said to \u201cread,\u201d meaning the viewer makes meaning from what is seen inside the photographic frame, somewhat like the way we make meaning from a page of text. Of course, text is not an image, but only patterned marks that represent speech sounds the eye strings together for the brain to then translate into morphemes that have meaning. Looking at a photographic image is more like taking in a gesture. The retina accepts and interprets not in the speech center but elsewhere. We attempt to match the image to what we know about the world, the way we match a hand waving to the idea of coming (hello) or going (goodbye),\u00a0although gestures, by definition, involve motion and still photographs capture only a slice of the implied motion.<\/p>\n

All of Moholy\u2019s Bauhaus images signify not only their subjects but the audacity of a new way of envisioning that belongs to her and to her sliver of a historical moment. Surface embellishment is replaced by a marriage of essence and utility. The Bauhaus designers, many of whom were women whose names are no longer known, did away with traditional curlicues and gingerbread trim. In print, the Bauhaus participants used sans serif lettering instead of German Gothic. They even did away with capital letters. Their ideas were anti-hierarchical and, to some, heretical. The craftsperson and artist were to be considered as equals, cost was to be reduced by machine production. These notions undermined the idea of a constructed social structure based on nationalistic pride, inherited privilege, and \u201clegitimate\u201d Aryan identity. The Nazis were having none of that. As early as 1931, the school was deemed suspect on the grounds that it was \u201ccosmopolitan\u201d and it was forced to move from Dessau to Berlin. After Hitler was named Chancellor in 1933, it was closed.<\/p>\n

In August of that same year, Moholy, herself a secular Jew, fled Berlin after Theodor Neubauer, a member of the Communist Party in the Reichstag, was arrested in her apartment. She left behind more than five hundred glass negatives in the care of Moholy-Nagy, from whom she had separated in 1929 but remained friendly with. But when Moholy-Nagy left Berlin, he gave Lucia\u2019s\u00a0negatives over to Gropius, who brought them with him to America in 1937, when he joined the Harvard Graduate School of Design. That same year, Moholy-Nagy moved to Chicago, where he founded the New Bauhaus. Soon after the two men emigrated to the States, they began using Moholy\u2019s\u00a0negatives to promote their own work, without her\u00a0knowledge and without attribution.<\/p>\n

Moholy believed that her negatives had been destroyed during the bombing of Berlin, but she grew suspicious that they still existed, and that her name had been erased from them, when, at the end of the war, she discovered\u00a0monographs about the Bauhaus that had been published in the interim. In a 1954 letter to Gropius, she inquired about their whereabouts: \u201c[I] should like to make another attempt at locating my own collection of documentary material, i.e. the considerable number of photographs (original negatives) which I took during my Bauhaus years. I wonder if there is anything you can recall, possibly from discussions with Moholy who took care of them when I left in 1933.\u201d<\/p>\n

To which Gropius replied, \u201cLong years ago in Berlin, you gave all these negatives to me \u2026 You will imagine that these photographs are extremely useful to me and that I have continuously made use of them; so I hope you will not deprive me of them. Wouldn\u2019t it be sufficient if I sent you contact prints of the negatives? There are a great many, but I certainly understand that you want to make use of them yourself. Anyhow it will be a relief to you to know that they are in existence and in good shape. I have never left them out of hand.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Lucia Moholy\u2019s photograph of a Bauhaus building in Dessau, 1926. Architecture by Walter Gropius. Bauhaus-Archiv Berlin \/ \u00a9 VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2016.<\/p><\/div>\n

Knowing very well that she had not given her negatives to Gropius, Moholy\u00a0devoted the next three years to recovering them, including hiring an attorney. In 1957, Gropius finally returned some to her, sending them C.O.D. and in shoddy packaging, with significant breakage. For the remainder of her life, Moholy would work to have her name associated with her images.<\/p>\n

Photographs have a way of defining an era. Not only do Moholy\u2019s photographs define the era of Bauhaus design, but they also define an era of the silent contribution of women artists. In the front of Lucia\u2019s\u00a0A Hundred Years of Photography<\/em> is a brief epigraph by the French caricaturist Honor\u00e9 Daumier: \u201cJe suis de mon temps\u201d\u2014I am of my time.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

NB: Robin Schuldenfrei\u2019s article \u201cImages in Exile: Lucia Moholy\u2019s Bauhaus Negatives and the Construction of the Bauhaus Legacy<\/a>,\u201d<\/em>\u00a0originally published in the<\/em>\u00a0History of Photography, details Moholy\u2019s efforts to reclaim her negatives and deconstructs the impact of her images on modern architecture.<\/em><\/p>\n

Mary Jo Bang\u2019s most recent\u00a0collection of poetry\u00a0is\u00a0<\/em>A Doll for Throwing<\/a>,\u00a0published last week by Graywolf Press<\/em>. Her poems last appeared in the <\/em>Review in issue no. 216 (Spring 2016).<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On\u00a0the Bauhaus photographer\u00a0Lucia Moholy (1894\u20131989), who inspired Mary Jo Bang\u2019s latest collection, A Doll for Throwing. Next year, Germany will celebrate the centenary of the founding of the Bauhaus,\u00a0a\u00a0school that stressed the unity of industrial design and all other arts. The celebration will include\u00a0Moholy\u2019s work.\u00a0   In 1915, twenty-one-year-old Lucia Schulz wrote in her journal […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1239,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[419],"tags":[30460,1657,35,1776,6397,216,247,30462,2333,30303,30461,21339,100,28761],"class_list":["post-114978","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arts-culture","tag-a-hundred-years-of-photography","tag-architecture","tag-art","tag-bauhaus","tag-berlin","tag-design","tag-germany","tag-honore-daumier","tag-laszlo-moholy-nagy","tag-lucia-moholy","tag-marginal-notes-documentary-absurdities","tag-mary-jo-bang","tag-photography","tag-walter-gropius"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFive Hundred Glass Negatives<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Poet Mary Jo Bang on the life and art of Lucia Moholy, the woman behind Bauhaus-era photography.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2017\/09\/07\/five-hundred-glass-negatives\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Five Hundred Glass Negatives by Mary Jo Bang\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"September 7, 2017 \u2013 On\u00a0the Bauhaus photographer\u00a0Lucia Moholy (1894\u20131989), who inspired Mary Jo Bang\u2019s latest collection, A Doll for Throwing. 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